Remote Monitoring and Control System Essay Example for Free

Remote Monitoring and Control System Essay Remote Monitoring and Controlling System Based on ZigBee Networks Soyoung Hwang and Donghui Yu* Department of Multimedia Engineering, Catholic University of Pusan, South Korea {soyoung, dhyu}@cup.ac.kr Abstract Thanks to the rapid development of information technology and the growth of the Internet through high speed networks, network environments have even been changed from office oriented environments based on business industries and public institutions to the interconnection of digital electronics in home networks. Home network based applications are very diverse and the remote monitoring and control areas have been studied. Recently, ZigBee has become one of the most promising technologies for home networks. ZigBee is a specification for a suite of networking, security and application software layers using small, low-power, low data rate communication technology based on IEEE 802.15.4 standard for personal area networks. Moreover, owing to the rapid growth of mobile technology, highperformance smartphones are widespread and in increasing cases are utilized as a terminal device. In this paper, we propose the design and implementation of a remote monitoring and controlling system using ZigBee networks. This system targets a home network. Web services and a smartphone are used for the client system to monitor and control the home. Keywords: remote monitoring, ZigBee networks, remote control, smartphone, web service 1. Introduction Thanks to the rapid development of information technology and growth of the Internet through high speed networks, network environments have even been changed from office oriented environments based on business industries and public institutions to the interconnection of digital electronics in the home networks. Home network based applications are very diverse and the remote monitoring and control areas have been studied. Recently, ZigBee has become one of the most promising technologies for home networks. ZigBee is a specification for a suite of networking, security and application software layers using small, low-power, low data rate communication technology based on IEEE 802.15.4 standard for personal area networks. There have been various studies on ZigBee based home networks. To realize remote home automation based on ZigBee, implementation issues of home gateway and device nodes are proposed in [1]. It presents hardware platform consideration and software implementation for each of them. Similarly, hardware design issues are discussed for various home devices such as wireless communications transceiver modules base, USB expansion base and control switches for electrical appliances in a room [2]. Also, an effective architecture for dynamic integration of ad hoc ZigBee home network devices into OSGi (Open Service Gateway Initiative)-based home gateways is discussed. An ad hoc ZigBee home network device is represented by a device proxy service in the proposed architecture so that it can be dynamically registered, discovered, accessed and unregistered just like a common OSGi service [3]. [4] gives a way to construct ZigBee wireless sensor networks and implement remote monitoring and control by a GSM module. [5] describes the structure composition of the smar t home system based on ZigBee and gives a system design concept and implementation approach. Moreover, owing to the rapid growth of mobile technology, highperformance smartphones are widespread and in increasing cases they are utilized as a terminal device. In this paper, we propose design and implementation of a remote monitoring and controlling system using ZigBee networks. This system is targeting the home network. Web service and a smartphone are used for the client system to monitor and control the home. The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, IEEE 802.15.4 and ZigBee specifications are discussed as background technologies. Section 3 describes design issues of remote monitoring and controlling systems. Next, implementation results are included in Section 4. Finally, we conclude this paper in Section 5. 2. Background Technologies 2.1. IEEE 802.15.4 IEEE 802.15 is a working group for the standardization of WPAN (Wireless Personal Area Network). IEEE 802.15.4 is one of the seven task groups which are included in it. The first edition of the 802.15.4 standard was released in May 2003. IEEE 802.15.4 specifies the physical layer (PHY) and media access control (MAC) for low-rate WPAN. WPANs are used to convey information over relatively short distances. It focuses on low-cost, low-speed ubiquitous communication between devices. Unlike wireless local area networks (WLANs), connections effected via WPANs involve little or no infrastructure. This feature allows small, power-efficient, inexpensive solutions to be implemented for a wide range of devices. The basic framework conceives a 10-meter communication range with a transfer rate of 250 kbit/s. Important features include real-time suitability by reservation of guaranteed time slots, collision avoidance through CSMA/CA and integrated support for secure communications. Devices also include power management functions such as link quality and energy detection [6]. Several standardized and proprietary network layer protocols run over 802.15.4-based networks, including IEEE 802.15.5, ZigBee, 6LoWPAN, Wireless HART, and ISA100.11a. Potential application areas include the following: sensors, actuators, interactive toys, remote control, industry networks, home automation and so on. 2.2. ZigBee ZigBee is a standards-based technology that addresses the unique requirements of most remote monitoring and control and sensory network applications. ZigBee builds upon the physical layer and medium access control defined in IEEE 802.15.4 for low-rate WPANs. The specification goes on to complete the standard by adding four main components: network layer, application layer, ZigBee device objects (ZDOs) and manufacturer defined application objects which allow for customization and favor total integration. The initial markets for ZigBee included Consumer Electronics, Energy Management and Efficiency, Health Care, Home Automation, Telecommunication Services, Building Automation, and Industrial Automation. The core ZigBee specifications define smart, costeffective and energy-efficient mesh networks. It is a self-configuring, self-healing system of redundant, low-cost, very low-power nodes. ZigBee is available as two feature sets, ZigBee PRO and ZigBee. Both feature sets define how the ZigBee mesh networks operate [7]. 2.3. Home Network Technologies A home network is a residential local area network (LAN) for communication between digital devices typically deployed in the home, usually a small number of personal computers and accessories, mobile computing devices, mobile phones, digital TVs, PDAs and so on. An important function is the sharing of Internet access, often a broadband service provisioned by fiber-to-the-home or via Cable Internet access, Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) or mobile broadband by Internet service providers (ISPs). In a broader sense, it includes software and services for integration and operation of information appliances in addition to wired or wireless network devices. Home networking technologies can be classified into two kinds: wired and wireless. The telephone, power-line, Ethernet and IEEE 1394 exist as wired home network technologies. As wireless home network technologies, wireless LAN, HomeRF, HyperLAN, Bluetooth, UWB (Ultra Wide Band) and ZigBee are representative. Since wireless networking solutions based on the spread of mobile devices have emerged they can be applied to home networks also. 3. Design of Remote Monitoring and Controlling System This section deals with the design of remote monitoring and controlling systems. To design a system, we considered a home automation network. The system architecture is presented in Figure 1. Figure 1. System Architecture The system consists of a real-time home monitoring sub-system and a light control subsystem. A home server with a home camera caters for home status through video to client. It also works as a home gateway to provide interoperability between the heterogeneous ZigBee and Internet and local and remote control over the home’s light devices through the light control sub-system. A client can access the home server through a web service or smartphone. The client can monitor home status through a real-time monitoring sub-system and control the lights through the 3.1. Real-time Monitoring Sub-system The real-time monitoring sub-system captures images of the area of the home to be monitored and serves the client who accesses the server through the web or a smartphone. Figure 2. Operation Processes of Real-time Monitoring Sub-system Figure 2 shows the operation process of the real-time monitoring sub-system. The server finds a video device and captures images. Then, it generates captured data and transforms the data format for RTP communication. After that, it generates the session manager and streams media data to the client. A client using the web or a smartphone generates the session manager and connects to the server. Then, it receives media data and displays the video. In this way, the client can monitor the in-home status in real-time. 3.2. Light Control Sub-system Light control sub-system is composed of a server which works as a gateway, ZigBee coordinator, end-device, switch node and a light as shown in Figure 3. The operation of the sub-system is as follows. ï‚Ÿ A client program maintains a user interface which contains an on/off control panel. ï‚Ÿ A server which works as a gateway receives control commands from the client and relays the command to the ZigBee coordinator through the RS-232C serial communication. ï‚Ÿ The coordinator relays the control command which is received form the server to the end device through RF communication. ï‚Ÿ The end device receives the command from the coordinator and controls the port of the switch node. The switch node controls the switch of the light. ZigBee based remote controlling can be applied in several ways. In this paper, we considered a simple light control and adopted it for a remote control sub-system. 4. Implementation Results In this section we discuss implementation results of a real-time remote monitoring and controlling system. The server contains a web-cam and the monitoring and controlling programs are implemented using Java. Web-based remote monitoring with video capture, data encoding and RTP communication are implemented using JMF (Java Media Framework) which is a multimedia extension API of Java. A client using web service can access the server after user authentication. Of the ZigBee networks, we use two Chipcon CC2420DB evaluation boards with CC2420s (IEEE 802.15.4 radios) accompanying Z-Stack [8, 9, 10]. One is configured as a coordinator and the other is configured as an end-device. When the coordinator starts, it initializes all internal ports and waits for control commands from the home server. If the home server sends a control command to the coordinator through the serial communication, the coordinator receives the command and sends it directly to the end-device through RF communication. The end device receives the control command from the coordinator and controls the switch node. Figure 4. Implementation Result using Web Service Figure 4 shows the implementation results using web service. A client can access the server after user log-in. The client can monitor the rooms status and control the lights. In the figure, the client turns off the light. The implementation results using a smartphone are shown in figure 5. The client program is implemented on the android platform. Figure 5. Implementation Result using Smartphone As shown in the results, a client can monitor the in-home status in real-time and send light control commands using the control button on the smartphone. 5. Concluding Remarks Recently, the home environment has seen a rapid introduction of networked digital technology. This technology offers new and exciting opportunities to increase the connectivity of devices within the home for the purpose of home automation. Moreover, with the rapid expansion of the Internet, there is the added potential for the remote control and monitoring of such networked devices. ZigBee has become one of the most promising technologies for home networks. ZigBee is a specification for a suite of networking, security and application software layers using small, low-power, low data rate communication technology based on IEEE 802.15.4 standard for personal area networks. Moreover, owing to the rapid growth of mobile technology, highperformance smartphones are widespread and in increasing cases they are being utilized as a terminal device. This paper proposes design and implementation of a remote monitoring and controlling system based on ZigBee networks. Real-time remote monitoring is implemented with JMF which is a multimedia extension API of Java. The remote controlling is implemented using ZigBee networks. The client program in a smartphone is implemented on the android platform. Clients can monitor their homes and send light control commands using the web or a smartphone. This system can be applied in many areas such as elderly protecting systems, cultural heritage or forest fire monitoring systems, managing systems for agricultural cultivation and so on. As a future work, we consider expansion of the system using various sensors and actuators. References [1] Z. Shunyang X. Du, J. Yongping and W. Riming, â€Å"Realization of Home Remote Control Network Based on ZigBee†, Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Electronic Measurement and Instruments, (2007), August 16-18, Xian, China. [2] A Fang, X. Xu, W. Yang and L. Zhang, â€Å"The Realization of Intelligent Home by ZigBee Wireless Network Technology†, Proceedings of the 2009 Pacific-Asia Conference on Circuit, Communications and System, (2009), May 16-17, Chengdu, China. [3] Y. Ha, â€Å"Dynamic Integration of Zigbee Home Networks into Home Gateways Using OSGi Service Registry†, IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, vol. 55, no. 2, (2009). [4] J. W. H. Qin, â€Å"The Design of Wireless Intelligent Home System Base on ZigBee†, Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Communication Technology, (2008), November 10-12, Hangzhou, China. [5] D. Yan and Z. Dan, â€Å"ZigBee-based Smart Home System Design†, Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Advanced Computer Theory and Engineering, (2010), August 20-22, Chengdu, China. [6] IEEE 802.15.4: Wireless medium access control (MAC) and physical layer (PHY)specification for low-rate wireless personal area networks (WPANs), (2006). [7] ZigBee Specification,(2008), Document 053474r17,ZigBee Alliance. [8] Figure 8 Wireless, ZigBee Implementer’s Guide, (2005). [9] Figure 8 Wireless, Z-Stack User’s Guide for the CC2420DB Board, (2005). [10] Figure 8 Wireless, Z-Stack/Z-Tool Serial Port Interface, (2005).

Technology for Primus Securities Essay -- Business Management Technolo

Technology for Primus Securities Summary The use of technology will be very important in the projected growth of Primus Securities. With a multitude of technologies available, choosing the correct ones that maximize capability with future expansion will be a priority. Primus Securities, much like its industry brethren, E-trade Securities and Charles Schwab, is attempting to provide successful online investing via their website. Using technology, Primus has at their disposal many online products, tools, and services to choose from that would provide a unique and satisfying online investment experience for its customers. Primus wishes to expand their site to include more frequent and faster investment opportunity for customers. An incremental implementation of technological infrastructure will allow for future expansion and will provide savings throughout future operation. In addition, this technology will provide customers a more secure and satisfying shopping experience and will increase their confidence level. It will be necessary to incur a large expense on infrastructure installation at the beginning of the development. This infrastructure investment along with a subsequent investment in human resources to staff it will make future expansion cheaper and easier to accomplish. Finally, outsourcing key aspects of the operation will achieve maximum cost savings. Infrastructure   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The purpose of a well-designed infrastructure is to ensure that an e-business is able to run effectively while safely being scaled within a budget. For a company like Primus Securities, a cost effective infrastructure will be implemented remaining functional and adequate for their purposes. The important aspect of a new e-business is to add technology without disturbing business operations and aligning information systems with the organizational strategy. In this paper, Team B will examine a viable infrastructure for a new e-business venture undertaken by Primus Securities. Hardware Decision   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The company needs to invest in equipment such as servers, workstations laptops, PDAs and cell phones to keep up with the competitive edge of technology. The online trading industry is a fast-paced business, where customer information must be readily available to all key employees. Primus Securities main objective is to operate efficiently and effectively. Part of... ... all content is created and managed as separate assets. These are then published to the run-time rendering system. The CM implementation includes DB2 storage, Library Server, and Asset Manager. The Schwab application uses CM versioning, workflow, ACL and its API. (Marshak, 2003) Conclusion References Chan, Isabelle. Dec 2004. The Other Side of Outsourcing. Retrieved August 26, 2005 from http://asia.cnet.com/news/specialreports/0,39037117,39209632,00.htm Charles Schwab web site (http://www.schwab.com) Retrieved August 27, 2005 http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid7_gci212495,00.html Retrieved August 25, 2005 Marshak, D. (2003, December). Charles Schwab Responds to Market Conditions and Customer Needs: Services-Oriented Architecture Improves Time to Market and Leverages Existing Investments. Retrieved August 26, 2005, from http://www.306.ibm.com/software/htp/cics/library/whitepapers/Charles_Schwab.pdf#search='schwab%20online%20infrastructure' Trava Soft, (2003). Services-e-business. Retrieved August 26, 2005, from Information Technology Outsourcing Web site: http://www.tatvasoft.com/offshore-outsourcing-services/offshore-outsourcing-eBusiness.asp

Perspectives of media in health and social care Essay

The objective of this essay is to understand the representations of the media in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)/AIDS issue on gays and bisexual persons within health and social care setting. The importance of the mass media will be discussed to gain insight in promoting awareness on HIV/AIDS. It will clarify some specific theories and models of approach as they relate to mass media context in relation to the case studies and conclude. Irwin et al (2003) assert that the prevalence of HIV/AIDS epidemic in both developing and developed world including the United Kingdom (UK) has increased to a level that is beyond the control of the human behaviours; as a result, the increasing rate of people infected with the HIV/AIDS and the rate of people dying in terms of mortality rate have caused a concern among policy makers, journalists, governments and the Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) throughout the entire world. For example, people infected are estimated at 34 million with HIV/AIDS while people who died is at 1.7 million globally (UNAIDS 2012). This led journalists across the globe including the United Kingdom (UK) to adopt strategies and develop tools to combat the epidemics. Hart (1991) defines mass media as devices that simultaneously transmit messages to large numbers of people and indicates that media are classified in three different kinds which include presentational, representational, and mechanical or electronic media. The mass media performs three key functions: educating, shaping public relations, and advocating for a particular policy or point of view. As education tools, media not only impart knowledge, but can be part of larger efforts to promote health issues and other related activities (e.g., social marketing) to promote behaviour change social utility (Department of Health 2011). For instance, when using the social marketing, the mass media targets a particular through poster and other adverts to inform gays and bisexual about the HIV. Beck et al (2005) emphasises that the presentational media ensures face-to-face communication, e.g. speech. He also indicates that the representational media enables messages to be stored, passed over a distance and produced in the absence of the participants because they use symbol  codes of prints, graphics and photography to communicate e.g. newspapers, comics and magazines. Thomson and White (2008) said that the messages are projected through television, radio, newspapers adverts, magazine, leaflets, books, and internet. This is evidenced in the communication model which states that the flow of information is a system of conveying a message in two ways, or in a multiple channels, because individuals will get opinions which are influenced by the type of message to be delivered. The model is based on two step system of information flow which in turn influences the wider community (Wellings and Field 1996). In United Kingdom (UK), the Department of Health allocated  £ 2.9 million each year to promote at the national level, the HIV/AIDS prevention campaigns through TV and other adverts (House of Lords 2010). The application of Marxist theory emphasises on the direct relationship existing between those who have economic power and those who can be able to disseminate information across the society. Tones and Tilford (2001) emphasised that the environmental model of approach is based on the advocating for the prevention of disease rather than depending on medical cure. Medical treatment is limited in providing effective behavioural change and cure. In other perspective, when using the environmental approach, a set of series programmes about HIV has only attempted to raise the awareness of how the disease can be contracted and prevented. Karpf (1998) identified the looking after yourself model said that this model mainly focus on individuals behaviour change. The concept of look after yourself approach has helped media and health organisations to campaign through TV, Radio and providing advices and necessary information to make people aware of the HIV effects. It also changed the way the society used to perceive the value of culture in line with the HIV/AIDS among gay and bisexual society, and this has become mainstreamed in the society (Miller 2002). McQuail (2010) emphasis that Marxist theory, put emphasis on promoting ideas than looking at material structure of the society. However, Marxist theory has contributed to the promotion of mass media; its critics depend on how media could have the power to influence the society in order to effectively effect change (McQuail 2010). The functionalist theory is based on the human behaviours which are run by the way social pattern reflect some kind of stability in relation to the social reality (Brym and Lie 2010) For instance, the use of TV as a channel to  disseminate information on HIV/AIDS has offered sights and real message to stimulate people representation to understand the significance of the effect of having HIV/AIDS. Despite the use of TV as means of disseminating the message on HIV/AIDS, has a limited scope in term of coverage because it is often limited to crises (Basten 2009). The UNAIDS (2004) report indicates that with TV there are some costs associated to it, for instance, the cost of advertising a short avert on health issues such as the HIV/AIDS is high, because of time consuming and creative art for the performance to meet a particular market segments ( Hornik 2008). Beck et al (2005) indicates that the use of the radio as a media of communication has the potential to reach diverse groups of people and huge number of people within the community.

Seven Organizational Approaches Hca/220

Seven Organizational Approaches The seven organizational approaches consist of theses: 1. Body planes and body direction 2. Body cavities 3. Quadrants and regions 4. Anatomy and physiology 5. Microscopic to macroscopic 6. Body system 7. Medical specialties The body planes and body directions are used to study by dividing it with planes when in an anatomical position. Coronal plane or frontal plane is the vertical plane that divides the body front and back. The front of the body is the anterior or ventral. The back of the body is the posterior or the dorsal. Laying face down is the prone position.Lying on the back is dorsal supine. Sagittal plane is a vertical plane that dividends the body into right and left section. The body cavities consist of seven cavities. Cranial cavity is within the bony cranium. This contains the brain, cranial nerves, as well as other structures. Spinal cavity is the continuation of the cranial cavity, it travels sown the midline of the back. Spinal cavity i s within the bones of spinal column. This contains the spinal cord, spinal nerves. Thoracic cavity is within the chest surrounded by the breast bone (sternum) anteriorly, ribs, bones of the spinal column posteriorly.Thoracic cavity contains the lungs. Abdominal cavity is within the abdomen. Pelvic cavity is a continuation of the abdomen cavity. The pelvic cavity is surrounded by the pelvic (hip) bone. The abdominopelvic cavity contains organs of the gastrointestinal, reproductive, and urinary system. These internal organs in the abdominopelvic cavity are known as the viscera. You can study the human body by Quadrants and Regions. You have the four quadrants which include the left upper and left lower quadrants and the right upper and right lower quadrants.There are also nine regions which include the right and left hypochondriac regions, the epigastric region, the right and left lumbar regions, the umbilical region, the right and left inguinal or iliac regions, and hypogastric regio n. Anatomy and Physiology are way you can study the human body as well. Anatomy is the study of the structures of the human body. Physiology is the study of the functions of those structures. Microscopic to Macroscopic is a way the human body can be studied according to its smallest part and how they combine to make larger and more complex structures and systems.Body systems are another way the human body can be studied according to its various structures and how they function together as a whole. The following are a list of body systems: Gastrointestinal system, respiratory system, cardiovascular system, blood, lymphatic system, integumentary system, skeletal system, muscular system, nervous system, urinary system, male genital and reproductive system, female genital and reproductive system, endocrine system, eyes, ears, nose, and throat system. The human body can be studied according to the medical specialties that make up the practice of medicine.

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buy custom Deoxyribonucleic Acid essay ABSTRACT Deoxyribonucleic acid is often abbreviated as DNA ,is basically a nucleic acid which contains genetic material or instructions that are used for the development and functioning of any living organisms except the RNA viruses. The main role that DNA molecules play is the storage of genetic information. DNA is in most cases compared to some set of blueprints, because it contains the main instructions that are needed for constructing other aspects of body cells, for instance proteins and others like the RNA molecules. The segments of the DNA that carry the genetic material are normally called genes, the other DNA parts have structural functions and purposes, for instance they are in are involved in the process of regulating the use of some of the genetic information and material . The RNA and other proteins in the DNA are some of the three main and major macromolecules which are essential for any form of life. The background of DNA and how it came about DNA mainly consists of two lengthy polymers which consist of small and simple units known as nucleotides which have backbones that are made of phosphate groups and sugars; they are normally joined by bonds of ester. The two strands sort of run in opposite directions from each other and therefore appear to be anti-parallel. One of those four types of molecules that are called nucleobases are attached to the sugars .It is the sequence and arrangement of these four nucleobases on the backbone which encodes the genetic information. This genetic information is normally read using genetic code, which helps in specifying the sequence of other properties like the amino acids in the proteins. The genetic code is normally read by basically copying the DNA stretches into related nucleic acid RNA through a process that is called transcription. Within bodily cells, DNA is normally organized into some long structures known as chromosomes. During the process of cell division the chromosomes are normally duplicated in the DNA replication process, this provides each of the cells with its own set of chromosomes. Eukaryotic organisms always store most of their DNA material in their cell nucleus. Court Cases that involved DNA tests DNA has help free many people who were incarcerated for many years for instance there was a case involving a Texas man who was imprisoned close to 30 years ago because of robbery charges, he was lucky recently when his conviction got overturned after DNA test evidence helped him get exonerated. A Dallas County Judge by the name Don Adams overturned Mr. Cornelius Dupree Jr.s conviction due to contrary evidence courtesy of a DNA test. Dupree had served many years in a prison in Texas for a crime he actually did not commit fortunately he got exonerated because of the DNA evidence. Its only two other individuals who got exonerated by use of DNA have spent a longer period of time in prison in the whole republic, this was revealed by the Innocence Project. Texas alone has freed close to 41 wrongly incarcerated prisoners and this is necessitated by DNA testing since the year 2001, than any other state. Mr. Dupree told journalists that being free brought a lot of joy to him considering the period of time he had been unfairly incarcerated .He confessed that his release was both joyous but also made him angered in one way or another but the joy overrode the anger ,freedom meant a lot to him. The decisions of the judge were based on the some of the comments from a Dallas District Attorney by the name Craig Watkins, who said that the DNA testing proved otherwise in regard to allegations that Dupree committed the crime. After his release Dupree attempted not to be too annoyed and angry, despite the fact that they had imprisoned him unfairly for 30 years and wasted his time. He announced that what happened to him could have happened to any other person but it was unfortunate that it happened to him and he pleaded for the federal government to correct the justice system to ensure that no one ever suffers for mistakes or crimes they acually didnt commit. The system he was actually referring to was that of the united states but particularly Dallas because a record 21 individuals had been exonerated because their DNA test contradicted the allegations levelled against them .Mr. Cornelius Dupree spent thirty years in prison because of mistaken identity, something that would have been avoided if all the right practices would have been used in the due process that led to his misery. Nina Morrison, who happens to be a senior staff lawyer at the Dallas Innocence Project, while addressing the media over the same issue confessed that indeed there, are a big number of people who are always wrongly accused and convicted especially in Dallas and many other places in America on the basis of wrong identification or mistaken identity. Fortunately she promised that a lot of improvements were in the offing to ensure that what happened to Mr. Dupree does not ever happen to someone else. Morrison attributed the exoneration of Dupree to the good work of some of the district attorneys who has seriously been examining some of the previous convictions very closely and also the Dallas County legal authorities for keep evidence safely. Watkins who was the then district attorney, said that there were no standards in place to basically help in the proper keeping of evidence, but when he assumed office, he ensured that people did not only seek to convict others but to also seek justic e. According to Shown, A. (2011), one of the measures that should be in place is to basically create a unit which specifically looks at claims of those alleging to be innocent .Watkins together with Morrison who work at the innocence project are fully determined to see that changes that are aimed at ensuring instant justice to the innocent ones are in place. The authorities should be concerned with ensuring that they bring back trust to the justice system. Dupree had been accused of being part of a group of men who forced a middle aged woman who was in the company of a male friend to get into a car at gun point in the year 1979.The two were forced to drive and got robbed in the process as far as the court document used in that case are concerned. Dupree was also accused of raping the young lady according to the court documents. According to the court documents, the young lady initially managed to identify Dupree after being presented a photo line-up. During the trial, both victims alleged that Dupree was the one who committed the heinous crime. Dupree was convicted and given a 75 years sentence. Dupree struggled and fought for his innocence from the day he was arrested and a very long period of time he unsuccessfully attempted to convince the authorities that he was mistakenly identified by the victim as the suspect. The Criminal court Appeal handling his case turned him down more than two times. According to Wade, S (2010), mistaken identification is one of the most common excuses that court give whenever they accuse and at times sentence people innocently, this has always plagued most of our criminal justice systems, however great strides have actually been made in past few decades to help accurately understand some of the problem in order to come up with solutions to help minimize some of the wrongful convictions. According to Osterburg, j.and Ward. R (2010) the state lawmakers should be very keen and take note of the unnecessary miscarriage of truth and justice that Cornelius suffered because whenever a wrong person gets convicted of a criminal activity, the real person who perpetrated the crime goes free. The use of DNA is one of the most efficient ways to ensure that justice is dispensed to all fairly unfortunately its a bit expensive and if effected together with other small changes for instance reducing corruption because as much as DNA May be accurate,if we have a rogues judiciary then we are headed nowhere.To make the system most efficient and reduce chances of corruption quite a number of changes have to take place. First of all it ought to be completely independent including the operations of public defender offices, which should have their own readily available and stable full-time defense lawyers and attorneys fully bbacked by good office support staff and smart investigators. The public defender offices should be subjects to regular evaluation and scrutiny .Public defender offices should be established in more counties and if possible expand and strengthen the existing ones for capital cases, in order to have statewide reach among the less populated counties. The state needs more leaders and particularly those in authority to have integrity so as to ensure that all the money that is allocated for targeted efforts doesnt get misappropriated. The counties should strive to be self efficient and shoulder the entire cost of the public defender office for them to realize growth and a sense of responsibility. If at all this strategy doesnt seem to work, then the grants should be structured so that the state can cover half the cost of the indigent defense program. Alternatively, the government can as well play an oversight role in order to assist public defender offices for them to be more effective. Another option is to make the various attorney appointment procedures and systems across the state to be more independent. Many are of the opinion that the current system of giving the jury or judges the power to appoint the defense lawyers or attorneys runs counter to best practices that were promulgated by the American Bar Association. Its argued that by giving judges and the jury this power, posed as a fundamental conflict of interest and an opportunity for corruption. Short of coming up with an independent public defender offices, options that can allow counties to come up with an independent counsel appointment system still exist. There is speculation that judges can still jump at such chances in a bid to relieve themselves of the heavy administrative burdens of appointing counsel. The biggest pushback and impediment against a public defenders office may probably come from older judges who probably dont want to give up the influence that comes together with the power of appointing an attorney. Again some judges tend to use their power to appoint at times like a patronage tool when election year come. Legislatures should also try and see the possibility of a statewide public defender system. Particularly large and diverse ones like Texas need uniform and collectively agreed on standards that can best be enforced and coordinated through a statewide office. The authorities should also help by keeping a keen eye on counties that dont comply with the Fair Defense Act. THE STATES ROLE IN ENSURING THE EFFICIENT OF THE SYSTEM The most important functions or role of a successful state commission or oversight body is to insulate the defense function by basically providing a measure of independence to the indigent defense system from all sorts of political and judicial influence. They should also incorporate medical practitioners who are trained in matters concerning DNA. Without that kind of composition of the justice system and independence, the probability or likelihood of managing to successfully improve indigent. Defense services are highly diminished. Forty-two (42) states have created some kind of statewide public defender commission or agency which can provide oversight for indigent defense services. Next to giving independence to a states Indigent defense system, another critical role that the state commission should play is to act as an oversight body which should monitor costs and cases, or by basically ensuring that the quality of indigent defense services is high. The state can as well develop indigent defense standards like performance standards and regulating caseload limits, and also overseeing compliance with the set standards. The oversight should be provided exclusively through a well established state commission or an oversight board. However, the level of the authority that the commission should have, together with its effectiveness ,should be linked to the amount of funds given or level of funding that will be provided by the state. Without all this the DNA tests can as well be useless. 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Ripe vs. Rife

Ripe vs. Rife Ripe vs. Rife Ripe vs. Rife By Maeve Maddox Researching banking in the Roman Empire, I read the following in a scholarly discussion of Roman tax collecting: The process was ripe with corruption and scheming. The context calls for the word rife, not ripe. The process was not â€Å"ripe with corruption,† but â€Å"rife with corruption,† that is, the process was riddled with corruption. In simplest terms, ripe conveys readiness, whereas rife conveys abundance. Ripe is related to reap. When something is ripe, it is ready to be harvested or eaten. Ripe may be used literally or figuratively: You can tell if a peach is ripe or not by a gentle, yet firm squeeze with your fingers. When the time is ripe, I myself will deal out justice in strict fairness. Rife means abundant, prevalent, or widespread. When something is rife, there’s a lot of it: In the tiny community of Peyton Place, immorality was rife. Jones made his money when manufacturing opportunities were rife. Ripe is often followed by a prepositional phrase beginning with for: The field is ripe for harvest. The World’s largest Net Lease Is Ripe for A Takeover Why Commercial Real Estate Is Ripe For Disruption in 2015 Rife is often followed by a phrase that begins with the preposition with: Judicial Races Now Rife With Politics Nursing Profession Rife with Occupational Hazards Congress Rife With Gridlock and Partisanship Rife is frequently used in a negative context, but it can also be used to denote the abundance of something positive, like opportunities. Here are some examples of the misuse of ripe and rife on the Web, with corrections: Incorrect: Men’s health industry ripe with content marketing opportunities Correct : Men’s health industry rife with content marketing opportunities Correct : Men’s health industry ripe for content marketing opportunities Incorrect: Myanmar is ripe with Economic Opportunities Correct : Myanmar is rife with Economic Opportunities Correct : Myanmar is ripe for Economic Opportunities Incorrect: The commission uncovered an industry ripe with corruption and unjustifiable rates. Correct : The commission uncovered an industry rife with corruption and unjustifiable rates. Incorrect: The industry is ripe with challenges, but it is also ripe with opportunity. Correct : The industry is rife with challenges, but it is also ripe for opportunity. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Awoken or Awakened?Adverbs and Hyphens

Contract law problem question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Contract law problem question - Essay Example that even though it may have seemed to Jane that they were entering into a separate valid contract they never actually intended to conclude any such contract and the work done by Jayne was part of the original contract. Jane on the other hand will argue the opposite and claim that this particular trip was not part of the main contract and that this trip was as a result of a separate contract. This raises another subsidiary issue here which is not very clear on the facts available. She attended the conference as a part of the terms of her contract in September 2007. It remains ambiguous what the contract says in terms of her discretion is choosing to go to the conference and her entitlement of the bonus or any additional money. We shall not dwelve into this much due to the lack of clear instructions but shall proceed on the assumption that the contract remains silent on these issues. It is pertinent to mention here that the general rule adopted by the courts is that they will look at the intention of the parties objectively. This was decided in the case of Centrovincial Estates plc v. Merchant Investors Assurance Company Limited [1983]. In this case the claimants let premises to the defendants at a yearly rent of 68,320 but when they received the written acceptance they quickly informed the defendants that they intended 126,000. The courts held that there was a valid contract and that it was contrary to well-established principles that after the acceptance in the way stipulated by the contract, that the claimants turn around and say that they made a mistake which the offeree neither knew nor could reasonably have known when he accepted it. Here, Jayne can argue that while making the representation she could not have reasonably known that SE was making a mistake and that they never intended to make a separate contract. However, critics like Professor Atiyah basin g their argument on the case of The Hannah Blumenthal [1983] argue that a subjective approach should be adopted and that without any detriment to the offeree, the courts should not hold this to be a valid contract. In our situation the idea of detriment to Jayne is questionable. First, it is true that in admitting her son to the Westbrook Academy and paying the first year's fees of 5,000, she had acted to her detriment. The matter that is doubtful is whether she would have done that anyways or was it solely based on the expectation of a bonus of 4,000. The courts will probably also look at the fact that there was a difference of 1,000 between the fees and the bonus. But this is an evidential matter. The courts adopting an objective approach will look at what the objective man would have done in this situation and implement their own view. The courts will however also look at a subjective view if evidence could be led that Jayne somehow knew that the company was making a mistake or that the money will never be paid to her, this can be done on the pretext of SE's approach with reference to other employees experiences that Jayne knew about or her own previous experiences with SE (Scriven Bros. v. Hindley [1913]). It is however concluded