Women s Rights During The 20th Century - 1302 Words

Women’s rights has been a problem for a very long time and still is today. Some of the biggest movements to fight for women s equalities happened in the 20th century. People like Betty Friedan, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Susan B. Anthony helped to make it possible. In the 20th century there were two waves of feminism and third started in the 80’s but still continues today. I talk about the first and second wave in this essay. Then how these waves have changed the role of women in society. One of the first things to change the role of women in society was the right to vote. Women were seen as an object that took care of the things men didn’t want to. The female doesn t really expect a lot from life. She s here as someone s keeper — her husband s or her children s (Tavaana). Some women didn’t want this and they knew the start to getting equality was to get the right to vote. It started in July 1848 Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony starte d a movement that would continue even into the the 21st century. Their main goal was to get the women to vote and that fight lasted seventy years (â€Å"Women s Suffrage†). A few states like Idaho, Wyoming, Utah, and Colorado gave women the right to before the whole country did. All of this was at stake on June 4, 1919. It was the key vote to see if women would be given the right to vote. â€Å"The Senate approved the amendment by 56 to 25 after four hours of debate...† By 1920 the 19th amendment was ratified in all the states.Show MoreRelatedWomen s Rights Movement During The 20th Century2104 Words   |  9 PagesDuring the 20th century, the women’s rights movement changed the role of women in society for the better, causing a change in the traditional gender roles that culture dictated before the turn of the century. Women won the right to vote in 1919, which was a major turning point in the respect of women as equal members of society as compared to men. I n addition to this newfound right, women also took steps to become part of the work force rather than stay home and raise the children like traditionalRead MoreWomen s Rights Movement And The Demand For Women Suffrage1650 Words   |  7 PagesThe woman s rights movement and the demand for woman suffrage emerged in the first half of the 19th century from a variety of other movements. A major goal of the woman s rights movement was to change public opinion regarding women s capacities and rights. Suffrage was one of several reforms intended to end the significant legal, political, religious, and cultural discriminations against nineteenth century women. Suffrage became the primary goal of the woman s rights movement during the 1850sRead MoreHuman Progress in the Twentieth Century Despite Two World Wars953 Words   |  4 Pages The world in the 20th century went through the destruction of World War I and World War II and the hazard of a nuclear war in the course of the Cold War and coped to revolutionize themselves with essential developments within their societies. The world, as a whole, has advanced more than it has suffered during the turbulent 20th century because of the advancements of innovations and human right, despite the demolition of the two World Wars. The 20th century inflicted the greatest suffering to theRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper, By Charlotte Perkins Gilman1437 Words   |  6 Pageslate 19th century and early 20th century have represented a time period where American women were restricted to common household jobs, and prevented from being part of much social or economical progress. Women were expected to maintain an image of moral standard and were frequently cast in an insignificant role in society, ironically, due to the worries men had with the higher population of women (Women in the Twentieth Century and Beyond. 1). As a strong advocate for women s rights, CharlotteRead MoreWhy Women Should Not Have Political Rights1065 Words   |  5 PagesDuring the late 19th and 20th century, many political and social events like the persons case, suffrage, and both world wars aided in transforming Canada s meaning and purpose for a woman. Many political figures like Emily Murphy and Alberta s Famous Five played large roles in cha racterizing the rights and freedoms of a woman. Secondly, the roaring twenties was a time for females to challenge their traditional roles and prove that they have much broader capabilities than to stay at home. FinallyRead MoreGertrude Stein : A Feminist Approach Of Seeming Weak And Unstable1635 Words   |  7 PagesOnce there was a movement for women to grow and expand what they wanted to do there were many poets and writers that wanted to write about the actions that were occurring in that time period. Once poet was Gertrude Stein, in Food and Objects, there is a feminist approach of seeming weak and unstable. Her use of word choice with at first thinking that nothing is making sense about her writing, along with her talking about domestic spaces and always looking outside. Her having multiple pieces of workRead MoreWomen‚Äà ´s Suffrage Movement of Europe1187 Words   |  5 Pageshistory, women have struggled for equality in all parts of the world. European women fou ght for suffrage for an extremely long period of time before they were granted full voting rights. Each country approved women’s suffrage at different times, but it occurred in most European countries in the early 20th century. The first country to develop universal suffrage was Finland in the year 1906(â€Å"Women’s Suffrage in Europe†). One of the last countries to become open about women’s voting rights was SwitzerlandRead MoreThe Impact Of The Industrial Revolution On America1060 Words   |  5 Pagescan be achieved by anybody in America, this is shown leading up to the first half of the 20th century. During the first century and a half, the United States was focused on territorial expansion and economic growth. This led the United States to become a young vibrant nation. The next half century international and domestic events transpired which led the nation to become a world power in the 20th century. To understand the power shifts in the beginning of the modern era, it is important toRead MoreThe Evolution of Gender Roles and its Role in Society1505 Words   |  7 Pageshad a huge impact on the way men and women are seen and treated. In this way, women have always been secondary to males and seen as the fragile counterparts whose job is to take care of the household and most importantly, be loyal to her husband no matter the circumstance. Gender roles throughout history have greatly influenced society. The slow progress of woman’s rights throughout humanities led to an explosion of woman’s rights throughout the 20th century and that trend will only continue on intoRead MoreFairy Tale In The Raincoats Character Analysis787 Words   |  4 Pagessound terrible right? she says. Abbie (Gerwig), Dorotheas avant-garde lodger interjects; yeah, but its like they dont care. They got all this feeling but dont have the tools they need to express it†¦it all comes out as p assion. Dorothea fixates on Abbies intonation, like listening to language shes only now grasping. She gets it...but then she doesnt. Much like Abbies defense of The Raincoats, Dorothea believes she has all the passion to be a proper mother, but she lacks the right tools to support

Watership Down by Richard Adams - 689 Words

Different people can interpret most, if not all movies differently. This difference of opinion can lead to countless debates that will go on until the end of time. This is with all movies including moves that are intended for the younger audience. Children’s movies usually have different themes that will fly right over a child’s head and only be noticed by the adults watching. Whether it is just a pop culture joke or reference or a major theme in the film, they are intended to keep the adult audience engaged and thinking. In 1978 Nepenthe Productions released the animated film, Watership Down, based off of the 1972 book of the same title written by Richard Adams. Through the eyes of a child the movie was non other than a film about a group of rabbits escaping their home, which is being destroyed, in hopes of finding a new place to reside. You may want to believe this movie is just about rabbits, but through the eyes of an adult this movie has a very different meaning. T he use of animals in children’s movies to make a film kid friendly has been done for years. This is one reason why the rabbits are so effective in telling this tale. Rabbits are cute cuddly animals that present no threat or danger. Kids love bunnies and long to have them as pets. If I was a parent at the release of Watership Down, I would think the movie was just a film about rabbits and think, how much harm can it cause? After watching Watership Down for the first time I came to the conclusion that this isShow MoreRelated Analysis of Richard Adams Watership Down Essay1194 Words   |  5 PagesAnalysis of Richard Adams Watership Down Richard Adams novel, Watership Down, is the account of a group of rabbits trip to search out a new location to inhabit. After escaping the Sandleford Warren because of one rabbit’s instincts, nearly a dozen rabbits cross virgin country. Along the way, they run across a few other warrens. These places exhibit a completely different way of living to the fleeing group. What they learn is vital when they develop their own warren. From these places they manageRead More Environmentalism in Watership Down by Richard Adams Essay1252 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Thousand Enemies and how they are a threat to the rabbits, especially El-ahrairah. Humans are presented as one of the â€Å"Thousand.† The author of the book, Richard Adams, displays man in a negative way because of this. Man is portrayed as violent, nonsensical, and abusive to the natural way of life. In the book, Watership Down, Richard Adams portrays the life and style of man in a negative way. In both their old warren and on their journey, the group of rabbits encounters urban development and theRead MoreRichard Adams Exceptional Construction Of Setting1414 Words   |  6 PagesRichard Adams’ exceptional construction of setting in Watership Down greatly assists the preservation of this literary masterpiece. Although being set specifically in the British countryside, Adams’ vivid recreation of the area and landscape that he knew best allows for clear visualization and understanding from a reader of any background. The dire consequences that arise in this seemingly most unlikely and tranquil of places assist the narrative in presenting itself as a serious novel that servesRead MoreEssay about Hazel: An Unassuming Leader1611 Words   |  7 Pagesto power through selfish actions such as Claudius from the play Hamlet (Shakespeare). However, this was not the case with Hazel the rabbit. He lived in an environment that probably was intended to be a portrayal of hu man society. In the novel Watership Down, the peaceful life of a rabbit warren was suddenly disturbed by the horrifying dream that a lowly rabbit Fiver had. Hazel was worried by it and took action by contacting the warren’s chief rabbit, Threarah. He went to the authorities first toRead MoreWatership Down Heroic Epic Essay1271 Words   |  6 Pagesare the same. All of their stories fit the archetypal pattern of a heroic quest. A heroic quest consists of twelve steps that the hero completes throughout his or her journey. In this essay, I will be explaining the parallels between Watership Down by Richard Adams and the archetypal pattern of a heroic quest; as well as the parallels between Hazel and the archetype of a hero. In the first step of a heroic quest, The Ordinary World, the hero who is uneasy and unaware is introduced in a way thatRead MoreComparison Of 1984 And Watership Down927 Words   |  4 PagesAt a glance, the two books I read over this summer, 1984 by George Orwell, and Watership Down by Richard Adams, are very different. After looking at similar themes and motifs, I found more similarities than I first thought I would. The authors present power dynamics and hierarchies in different ways, and they use that to show different points. There are more differences than similarities in these books, but the similarities may be surprising. How does Big Brother control everybody? They controlRead MoreEssay on Richard Adams’s Watership Down1069 Words   |  5 PagesRichard Adams’s Watership Down There are many intriguing and fascinating lessons and thoughts that can be extracted from Richard Adams’s Watership Down when inspected under a â€Å"magnifying glass.† From those many issues, the one that is the most influential to ourselves is the issue regarding anti-segregation, portrayed ingeniously by Richard Adams through Hazel within many different cases in the novel. Out of those many instances, this essay will discuss two of them, explain how they display theRead MoreCreating A Collaborative Process Among Students3453 Words   |  14 Pagesalso read out many books and stories in class to encourage them to read books. It somehow created the response among students. They were eager listen to new stories. The researcher also used this eagerness to introduce some classics like Watership Down by Richard Adams, The in the striped pyjamas by John Boyne (Cameron, 2009). They also like them and responded very well to them. This took me to the conclusion the books ca n make them interested but it will need some time. Books in syllabus must not beRead More Subverting the Conventional: Combining Genre in Kellys Donnie Darko6339 Words   |  26 Pagesaudiences to make decisions about complex genres, as formula films have become an accepted form of entertainment. Cinema must look to Independent film then to help create new forms, specifically in genre. Donnie Darko, an Independent film directed by Richard Kelly, successfully poses questions about hybrid films and complex genres. Donnie Darko transcends the typical conventions of genre to redefine cinema and set a new precedence for independent filmmakers interested in breaking the rules of tradition

Nike Informative Speech free essay sample

Credibility statement: I personally, own a closet full of Nikes, but it is only through my studies as a graphic design major that I have come to truly appreciate the value of the Nike logo branding. 5. Preview statement: In the next few minutes I am going to share with all of you how Nike was started and how the founders were able to expand their image with its genius logo and continued celebrity support. Transition statement: The dedication of two very special men has led to over a half century of success. Body Using the format below, include main points and subpoints as appropriate. I. Main point: The foundation of Nike was built through the relationship of Phil Knight, a track and field athlete and his former coach Bill Bowerman of the University of Oregon. A. Subpoint According to nikeinc. com, in 1964, these two men shook hands to form Blue Ribbon Sports. We will write a custom essay sample on Nike Informative Speech or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 1. Sub-subpoint At the time, Knight sold Tiger brand shoes out of the trunk of his car, while Bowerman began ripping apart the Tiger shoes to see how he could make them lighter and better. a. Sub-sub-subpoint Bowerman enlisted some of the runners at Oregon University to test his new creations. b. Sub-sub-subpoint Bowerman shared his ideas with Phil Knight in the hopes that he would see his vision. 2. Sub-subpoint Bowerman convinced Knight to leave the footwear distribution company to design and manufacture their own brand. B. Subpoint The next step was to invest in someone who created brochures, print ads and marketing materials. C. Subpoint The pair’s first design was inspired by Bowerman’s wife’s waffle iron which lead to the creation of their first shoe. Transition statement: The creation of the first shoe led to the commitment to a company logo. II. Main point: The Nike brand is founded on the iconic â€Å"Swoosh† logo. A. Subpoint The swoosh logo was purchased for $35 and created by a graphic design student from Portland State named Carolyn Davidson. B. Subpoint The brand was further advanced with the Air Max footwear, â€Å"Just Do It† slogan during the â€Å"Revolution† campaign and their celebrity endorsements. Transition statement: The first of the long line of celebrity endorsements was Steve Prefontaine, an electrifying track and field athlete at Oregon University who died suddenly in a tragic car accident. III. Main point: Over the years, Nike has been endorsed by hundreds, maybe thousands, of athletes. A. Subpoint In the late 80’s Nike introduced the â€Å"Revolution† ad campaign series including the popular â€Å"Bo Knows† ads featuring Kansas City’s own, Bo Jackson. B. Subpoint Today, Nike’s current endorsements include Tiger Woods, Michael Jordan, Kevin Durant, Adrian Peterson and Kobe Bryant, just to name a few. Transition statement: With the world-famous Nike brand, it’s easy to over-look that this company was founded on a mutual trust between friends over 50 years ago. Conclusion 1. Restate the main points: Amazingly, Nike has turned up around every corner due to a solid friendship, iconic image and never-ending endorsements. . Restate the central idea: The Nike brand is a well-known household name because the company’s owners were able to capitalize on a logo, paired with celebrity sponsorship and support. 3. Clincher: From $500 to $13. 1 billion and beyond†¦. Bibliography APA or MLA format Therichest. org. Website. Septembe r 26th, 2012. Nikeinc. com. Nike. 2011. Website. September 28th, 2012. SPEAKING OUTLINE Complete this outline using only key words and phrases, plus quotations, statistics, and source information. Transfer this outline to note cards for use when delivering your speech. Insert delivery cues where appropriate. Introduction 1. Attention-getter: 1972, swoosh logo, $35 now worth 13. 1 billion (therichest. org) 2. Audience relevance: Most people own something Nike 3. Central idea: Repeat thesis 4. Credibility statement: I’m an owner of multiple pairs of Nikes 5. Preview statement: how Nike was started and were able to expand Transition statement: Insert delivery cues where appropriate. Body I. Main point: Foundation of Nike was built between two men A. Subpoint 1964, Blue Ribbon sports (Nikeinc. com) 1. Sub-subpoint Sold Tiger shoes out of his trunk, Bowerman ripped them apart a. Sub-sub-subpoint Bowerman had his Runners test them b. Sub-sub-subpoint Shared ideas w Knight B. Subpoint Convinced Knight to design and manufacture own shoes C. Subpoint First design inspired by waffle iron Transition statement: led to commitment of company logo II. Main point: founded on iconic swoosh logo A. Subpoint logo was purchased for $35 B. Subpoint Further advanced w/ Air max footwear, just do it slogan, celebrity endorsements

Medias Relationship to Anti

People in the world today engage in all kinds of anti-social behaviors. There is violence in almost every aspect of life. The abuse of drugs in the streets has become rampant because governments are not applying enough efforts to regulate such behavior. Gangs have increased significantly thereby declaring certain areas in big towns as hotspots.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Media’s Relationship to Anti-social Behavior specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Prostitution among the youth has increased significantly thereby encouraging young girls to engage in such activities in order to support themselves financially. Mobs in the streets have also become uncontrollable to an extent that they are making people in towns to live in a state of uncertainty (Taylor et al. 358 ). With the recent advancements in media technology, anti-social behaviors have become more pronounced. The various types of media that are assoc iated with anti-social behavior include the internet, TVs, New Papers, and radios. It is easy for a person to gain access to violent activities today than he could centuries ago. The media has therefore played a significant role in stimulating anti-social behavior among the youth in the modern society. This is because almost every person in the world today has access to at least one type of media device. This state of affairs has therefore made it easy for people to gain access to the various types of anti-social behaviors that exist in the world today. When the different types of media convey incidences of anti-social behaviors, people understand them in different ways. There are those people who understand the incidences positively while there are those people who understand them negatively. Therefore, the media can impact positively on a society by conveying positive information to the society. It is also true that just as the media is capable of bringing order in any society it can also influence people to engage in violent activities. Therefore, people have opposing views on whether the media brings stability or instability to those societies which are dominated by anti-social behavior. People react in different ways depending on the kind of information that they receive from the media. Today, the content people get from the media defines how they behave in the societies that they live in. For example, there are those people who are fond of watching cool content whereas there are other people who love watching violent content.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Therefore, these two classes of people behave differently because of the influence that they get from the different content that they obtain from the media. There are those people who develop positive behavior whereas there are those who develop negative behavior. This is an indication that the me dia has a significant influence on the way people behave. For example, the social learning theory helps people to understand the manner in which the media influences their behavior. This theory implies that if young people are exposed to violent content, they also become violent (Taylor et al. 359). On the other hand, those people who are exposed to positive content tend to demonstrate good behavior. There are different ways in which the media influences the lives of people positively. For example, a person can use the internet to look for inspirational information that would motivate him to refrain from anti-social behaviors. He can also look for information that can enable him to fulfill his spiritual needs. Such a person would therefore be able to refrain from anti-social activities if he stays committed to his goal. This is the same case with TVs and radios. They can broadcast religious or inspirational programs thereby positively transforming the lives of those people who are w illing to change from their wicked ways of life. However, the limiting factor in this case is that the media is today filled with a lot of anti-social content and irrelevant information thereby making it difficult for a newly transformed person to gain access to information that would motivate him to live a descent life. The media has played a very essential role in terms of educating young people on the positive activities that they can engage in to build their lives. For example, various media organizations hold concerts and shows aimed at educating the young people on various ways in which they can abstain from mob activities, drug abuse or promiscuous activities. Media organizations also visit those places which are dominated by high cases of mob activities, drug abuse, and child prostitution in order to notify the youth on the various harms that are associated with anti-social behavior (Taylor et al. 359). The media also gives information on some of the areas that are worst hit by anti-social activities.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Media’s Relationship to Anti-social Behavior specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This allows the public to understand the various hardships that people who engage in anti-social behavior go through. This has the effect of convincing the public to refrain from engaging in anti-social behaviors. However, there are those people who despite the various efforts that the media applies to warn them about the consequences of anti-social behavior, they still continue enrolling in such immoral activities. This is especially the case with hardcore people who have been brought up in a life dominated by anti-social behavior. The media also educates the public on the best ways in which they can refrain from engaging in anti-social activities. The media liaises with genuine and reputable organizations which people can seek for guidance and counseling. The media al so notifies the public on the best places they can visit in order to get professional help regarding their anti-social behaviors. For example, the internet is available to most people in the world. It is very rich in information both good and bad. The media can therefore specify to the public the various websites that they can visit in order to get professional help. In addition positive-minded people can easily gather positive information on their own without the need of a professional. Here they can get all the important information they would need to help them transform their lives in a positive manner. However, the internet is also full of negative content that can influence people to engage in anti-social activities. Presenting role models to young people provides a good way in which they can understand how to handle the challenges that face them adequately. Various radio and TV stations normally invite reputable and successful people who conduct motivational talks in order to help the public make positive decisions in their lives. The people who are invited are people who are very successful in life and who are well known by a large number of people. The moment these people share their opinions to the public on the best ways that they can influence their lives positively, the people who are willing to change follow the advice of the motivational speakers keenly. However, with the growth of the internet, people have been able to access any kind of information.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Since many nations do not censor the information that young people access from the internet, many young people therefore gain access to all kinds of anti-social activities that happen in their societies. In addition, since there are various forms of media organizations in any society, people look for content that inspires them the best. For example, there is a category of people who love watching violent content while there are other people who love watching positive content. This therefore indicates that it is not possible to eradicate anti-social behaviors even when some media organizations remain committed to providing positive content to the public. There are those countries whereby the media is not granted sufficient freedom to notify the public on the political state of their country (Taylor et al. 355). As a result, the public does not have sufficient information regarding their rights as citizens. They are therefore exposed hardships while in their own country. The media is however very effective in terms notifying the public on the proceedings of their country. The public therefore becomes aware of their rights and it can therefore elect a government that would respect their rights fully. In addition, the media is very good in demonstrating to the public the various injustices that their government may engage in. The public can therefore confront their government and advocate for fair treatment. However, there are various media stations which are known to support certain political candidates. They popularize such people regardless of whether they can manage to lead a country or not. In addition, the media can influence the public rebel against a ruling government especially if the media displays all the negative attributes of a particular leader. This state of affairs can make violence to erupt in a country especially between the supporters and the non-supporters of a particular candidate, thereby promoting anti-social behavior among the people. The m edia is very good at demonstrating the various aggressive behaviors that people engage in. It also shows the public the various deadly and harmful effects that can result from aggressive behavior. For example, there have been instances whereby mob demonstrations on the streets have led to deaths of very many people. Therefore, when a mob goes to the streets, many people may die or be severely injured (Taylor et al. 357). This state of affairs therefore makes people to refrain from engaging in such activities when they see the kind of destruction that aggressive behavior can cause. However, there are those people who observe the aggressive behavior of people in the streets and they decide that it is a very good mechanism of handling conflicts. It is therefore evident that the media unwillingly influence anti-social behavior while trying to notify the public on the destructive nature of aggressive behavior. From the analysis therefore, it is true that the media has significant influen ce on anti-social behavior. It can promote it or discourage it. By participating in the eradication of anti-social behavior therefore, the media helps restore order in a society. On the contrary, the media is also responsible for promoting anti-social behavior among the youth especially when they broadcast programs that are dominated by anti-social activities. This leads to a disorderly society. Works cited Taylor, Stephanie, Hinchliffe Steve, John Clarke and Bromley Simon. Making Social Lives. London: Open University, 2009. Print. This essay on Media’s Relationship to Anti-social Behavior was written and submitted by user Caitlyn Byrd to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Life as Teenager Essays

Life as Teenager Essays Life as Teenager Essay Life as Teenager Essay â€Å"Leave me alone! † â€Å"You don’t understand me! † â€Å"This is a different century; things are way different than they were back then. † â€Å"You don’t understand the situation! † These are the many quotes and statements made by many adolescents today to adults and/or parents when it comes to their life. Though all adults have experience the trials of becoming who they are today, young people, now a days, feel that they are alone in the world and the only people who could genuinely understand them are themselves or other teens. Sometimes, it is necessarily true that parents do not understand their teens though they think they do since they were once teen themselves. But not all the time, the problems teens face today are the same as they were back in the days. To get a true perceptive, it’s best to take that step out of the box and into the mind of the adolescent to see life through their eyes. These literary works â€Å"Reflections of a Seventeen-Year-Old† by Sylvia Platt and Slam, Dunk, Hook by Yusef Komunyakaa, were able to portray the experience of life through the eyes of a young person by using the rhetorical devices of symbolism, imagery, and point of view. Being a teenager is one of the toughest and most memorial things that one goes through in life. A teenager goes through many happy times and many depressing times. Stress, depression, and peer pressure, are some negative things that a teenager goes through in life. Friends and dating are joyful times that teenagers face in the adolescent years in today’s time. Tension, stress and depression affects everyone at one time or another in their life. A death in the family, arguing with and losing a friend, being bullied or teased, peer pressure to wear certain types of clothing or hairs, try tobacco, alcohol or drugs, are all factors that can create stress, and may cause uncertainty and depression. There are many causes of stress such as lack of affection and tension from parents, loneliness and low self esteem. Low self-esteem can be a major problem for teens because of the importance placed on looks and achievement in our society today. According to Patricia Shapiro in A Parents Guide to Childhood and Adolescent Depression (1994) â€Å"three to six millio

Donald Trumps Ancestry

Donald Trumps Ancestry Donald Trumps family tree shows that he, like many Americans, had a parent who was an immigrant. Trump was born in New York City, the city where his Scottish mother met and married his father, himself the child  of immigrants from Germany.   Donald Trump was the fourth of five children born to Frederick Christ and Mary MacLeod Trump. The future president was born in the borough of Queens in New York City on June 14, 1946. He learned the real-estate business from his father, who took over the family construction business at the age of 13 when Fredericks father (Donalds grandfather) died in the influenza epidemic of 1918. Friederich  Trump, Donald Trumps grandfather, immigrated from Germany in 1885. Like his future grandson, Friederich Trump was an entrepreneur. Before settling in New York City and starting his family, he sought his fortune during the Klondike Gold Rush  in the late 1890s, where for a time he operated the Arctic Restaurant and Hotel in Bennett, British Columbia.   The following Trump family tree  was compiled using the  ahnentafel genealogical numbering system. First Generation 1. Donald John Trump  was born on June 14, 1946, in New York City.   Donald John Trump and Ivana Zelnickova Winklmayr were married on April 7, 1977, in New York City.  They divorced on March 22, 1992. They had the following children: Donald Trump Jr. was born on December 31, 1977, in New York City. He is married to Vanessa Kay Haydon. They have five children: Chloe Sophia Trump, Kai Madison Trump, Tristan Milos Trump, Donald Trump III, and Spencer Frederick Trump.Ivanka Trump was born on October 30, 1981, in New York City.  She is married to Jared Corey Kushner, with whom she has three children: Arabella Rose Kushner, Joseph Frederick Kushner, and Theodore James Kushner.Eric Trump was born on January 6, 1984, in New York City. He is married to Lara Lea Yunaska. Donald Trump and Marla Maples were married on December 20, 1993, in New York City. They divorced on June 8, 1999. They had one child: Tiffany Trump was born on October 13, 1993, in West Palm Beach, Florida. Donald Trump married  Melania Knauss (born Melanija Knavs) on January 22, 2005, in Palm Beach, Florida. They have one child: Barron William Trump was born on March 20, 2006, in New York City. Second Generation (Parents) 2. Frederick Christ (Fred) Trump was born on October 11, 1905, in New York City.  He died on June 25, 1999, in New Hyde Park, New York. 3. Mary Anne MacLeod was born on May 10, 1912, in Isle of Lewis, Scotland.  She died on August 7, 2000, in New Hyde Park, New York. Fred Trump and Mary MacLeod were married in January 1936 in New York City.  They had the following children: i. Mary Anne Trump was born on April 5, 1937, in New York City. ii. Fred Trump Jr. was born in 1938 in New York City and died in 1981. iii. Elizabeth Trump was born in 1942 in New York City. 1. iv. Donald John Trump v. Robert Trump was born in August 1948 in New York City. Third Generation (Grandparents) 4. Friederich (Fred) Trump was born on March 14, 1869, in Kallstadt, Germany.  He immigrated in 1885 to the United States from Hamburg, Germany, aboard the ship Eider and became a United States citizen in 1892 in Seattle.  He died on March 30, 1918, in New York City. 5. Elizabeth Christ  was born on October 10, 1880, in Kallstadt, Germany, and died on June 6, 1966, in New York City. Fred Trump and Elizabeth Christ were married on August 26, 1902, in Kallstadt, Germany. Fred and Elizabeth had the following children: i. Elizabeth (Betty) Trump  was born on April 30, 1904, in New York City  and died on December 3, 1961, in New York City. 2 ii. Frederick Christ (Fred) Trump iii. John George Trump  was born on August 21, 1907, in New York City and died on February 21, 1985, in Boston. 6.  Malcolm MacLeod  was born December 27, 1866, in Stornoway, Scotland, to two MacLeods, Alexander and Anne. He was a fisherman and crofter and also served as the compulsory officer in charge of enforcing attendance at the local school from 1919. He  died on June 22, 1954, in Tong, Scotland. 7.  Mary Smith  was born on July 11, 1867, in Tong, Scotland, to Donald Smith and Henrietta McSwane. Her father died when she was just a little over a year old, and she and her three siblings were raised by their mother. Mary died December 27, 1963. Malcolm MacLeod and Mary Smith were married in the Back  Free Church of Scotland  just a few miles  from Stornoway, the only town on the Isle of Lewis in Scotland. Their marriage was witnessed by Murdo MacLeod and Peter Smith.   Malcolm and Mary had the following children: i. Malcolm M. MacLeod Jr. was born September 23, 1891, in Tong, Scotland, and died Jan. 20, 1983, on Lopez Island, Washington. ii. Donald MacLeod was born about 1894. iii.  Christina MacLeod was born about 1896. iv. Katie Ann MacLeod was born about 1898. v. William MacLeod was born about 1898. vi. Annie MacLeod was born about 1900. vii. Catherine MacLeod was born about 1901. viii. Mary Johann MacLeod was born about 1905. ix. Alexander MacLeod was born about 1909. 3. x. Mary Anne MacLeod Fourth Generation (Great-Grandparents) 8.  Christian Johannes Trump was born in June 1829 in Kallstadt, Germany, and died July 6, 1877, in Kallstadt. 9.  Katherina Kober  was born about 1836 in Kallstadt, Germany, and died in November 1922 in Kallstadt. Christian Johannes Trump and Katherina Kober were married on September 29, 1859, in Kallstadt, Germany. They had the following child: 4.  i.  Friederich (Fred) Trump 10.  Christian Christ,  birth date unknown 11.  Anna Maria Rathon, birth date unknown Christ Christ and Anna Maria Rathon were married. They had the following child: 5.  i.  Elizabeth Christ 12.  Alexander MacLeod, a crofter and fisherman,  was born May 10, 1830, in Stornoway, Scotland, to William MacLeod and Christian MacLeod. He died in Tong, Scotland, on January 12, 1900. 13.  Anne MacLeod  was born about 1833 in Tong, Scotland. Alexander MacLeod and Anne MacLeod were married at Tong December 3, 1853. They had the following children: i. Catherine MacLeod was born about 1856. ii. Jessie MacLeod was born about 1857. iii. Alexander MacLeod was born about 1859. iv. Ann MacLeod was born about 1865. 6.  v.  Malcolm MacLeod vi. Donald MacLeod was born June 11, 1869. vii. William MacLeod was born January 21, 1874. 14.  Donald Smith was born January 1, 1835, to Duncan Smith and Henrietta MacSwane, the second of their nine children. He was a woolen weaver and cottar (peasant farmer). Donald died on October 26, 1868,  off the coast Broadbay, Scotland, when a squall of wind overturned his boat.   15.  Mary Macauley  was born about 1841 in Barvas, Scotland. Donald Smith and Mary Macauley were married on December 16, 1858, in Garrabost on the Isle of Lewis, Scotland.  They had the following children: i. Ann Smith was born November 8, 1859, in Stornoway, Scotland. ii. John Smith was born December 31, 1861, in Stornoway. iii. Duncan Smith was born September 2, 1864, in Stornoway and died October 29, 1937, in Seattle. 7.  iv.  Mary Smith

Personal Development and Careers Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words - 1

Personal Development and Careers - Assignment Example This is as it should be. Knowledge for the sake of knowledge is useless; it is the application of knowledge to everyday situations after sizing them up in an intelligent manner is what should be the objective of learning. The result of learning should be the outcomes it produces in the real world. The Relationship between Learning and Development From the above, it is clear that book knowledge is not what we are after, rather the knowledge that we get from books should be applied to real world problems connected to that branch of knowledge so that solutions are made possible. Experience is the result of having applied that knowledge in a certain way and seeing the outcome. If by a process of trial and error, we can eliminate what does not work and distill that which does, we have reached the path of self development. For learning is a path to self development. The knowledge translated into skill resides in the mind and body of man- it becomes an inseparable part of him. This is how t he continual development of skills leads to personal development. Discussion of a Learning Theory: Kolb’s Learning Circle When it comes to theories of learning, there has been a lot of work produced by different authors and thinkers over the ages. However I regard the work of David A. Kolb and his Learning Circle to be a good explanation of what occurs during the process of learning. It is a good expose into the way we learn. Kolb outlined his theory in a book called ‘Experiential Learning: Experience as the Source of Learning and Development’ published in 1984. Kolb’s Learning Circle (developed in coordination with Roger Fry) consists of four steps: (1) concrete experience (2) concrete and abstract experience (3) forming abstract concepts and (4) applying to new situations. According to Kolb, humans basically learn to understand and process two different types of information- concrete and abstract. Our learning vocabulary is therefore filled with either C oncrete Experience or Abstract Conceptualization. Kolb maintains that following a learning session, if we want to capitalize on it, we convert our experience into either Reflective Observation or Active Experimentation. Kolb’s model indicates that we could use all four of these approaches in a learning experience, depending upon the situation we are confronted with. Over time however, Kolb maintains that individuals tend to prefer one experience grasping approach and one experience transforming approach. Kolb has mentioned four learning styles and these are to be regarded as created by the learner during the process of learning. The four styles are (1) Converger (2) Diverger (3) Assimilator and (4) Accommodator (Kolb, 1984). Convergers are characterized by abstract conceptualization and active experimentation. They are good at making practical applications of ideas and using deductive reasoning to solve problems. According to Kolb, divergers are geared toward getting concrete experiences and making reflective observations. Divergers are also imaginative and will be good at coming up with ideas or in seeing things from different perspectives. Most of our theorists and social thinkers would fit in this category (Houle, 1980). Kolb writes that assimilators can be singled out by their preference for abstract

Modern variations of the Panopticon Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Modern variations of the Panopticon - Essay Example Bentham first introduced this theory. His idea is that a panopticon involves a situation where the observed internalizes the presence of an unseen observer. The observed then enforces those rules via a psychological self-policing process. The observer develops a hidden power over the observed persons both consciously and subconsciously. Therefore, they have the ability to gain control of the behavior of the observed. A good representation of Bentham’s idea of panopticon, as presented in the essay, is the panopticon prison. In this disciplinary facility, prisoners are always within the view of the observer who hides in the tower, which controls their behavior. The panopticon idea is both ancient and modern, since it can be applied in modern lifestyles and situations, like internet browsing. The essay also describes the idea of power as shown in the control of internet browsing. The general ideas presented all show that the panopticon idea is applicable in modern life. The idea of the panopticon entirely depends on the psychology of the persons being observed. It is just another proof of the wonders of mind power. It can achieve more than any other known means. This is because it does not provide temporary solutions and measures. It corrects the behavior of the individual, right from his/her attitude. It shows that the knowledge and acknowledgement of a higher authority can be used to achieve more than it has done in the past. This is because the idea has been applied, with desirable results. Therefore, it is easy to control the behavior of people, if there is a higher authority that can enforce rules. This has high relevance in the management of behaviors on the internet. The heart of the panopticon is the internalization of a power mechanism on the part of the observed, in a system designed in such a way that the observed knows that he is perennially under watch, and where the observer is forever hidden from view

Remote Monitoring and Control System Essay Example for Free

Remote Monitoring and Control System Essay Remote Monitoring and Controlling System Based on ZigBee Networks Soyoung Hwang and Donghui Yu* Department of Multimedia Engineering, Catholic University of Pusan, South Korea {soyoung, dhyu}@cup.ac.kr Abstract Thanks to the rapid development of information technology and the growth of the Internet through high speed networks, network environments have even been changed from office oriented environments based on business industries and public institutions to the interconnection of digital electronics in home networks. Home network based applications are very diverse and the remote monitoring and control areas have been studied. Recently, ZigBee has become one of the most promising technologies for home networks. ZigBee is a specification for a suite of networking, security and application software layers using small, low-power, low data rate communication technology based on IEEE 802.15.4 standard for personal area networks. Moreover, owing to the rapid growth of mobile technology, highperformance smartphones are widespread and in increasing cases are utilized as a terminal device. In this paper, we propose the design and implementation of a remote monitoring and controlling system using ZigBee networks. This system targets a home network. Web services and a smartphone are used for the client system to monitor and control the home. Keywords: remote monitoring, ZigBee networks, remote control, smartphone, web service 1. Introduction Thanks to the rapid development of information technology and growth of the Internet through high speed networks, network environments have even been changed from office oriented environments based on business industries and public institutions to the interconnection of digital electronics in the home networks. Home network based applications are very diverse and the remote monitoring and control areas have been studied. Recently, ZigBee has become one of the most promising technologies for home networks. ZigBee is a specification for a suite of networking, security and application software layers using small, low-power, low data rate communication technology based on IEEE 802.15.4 standard for personal area networks. There have been various studies on ZigBee based home networks. To realize remote home automation based on ZigBee, implementation issues of home gateway and device nodes are proposed in [1]. It presents hardware platform consideration and software implementation for each of them. Similarly, hardware design issues are discussed for various home devices such as wireless communications transceiver modules base, USB expansion base and control switches for electrical appliances in a room [2]. Also, an effective architecture for dynamic integration of ad hoc ZigBee home network devices into OSGi (Open Service Gateway Initiative)-based home gateways is discussed. An ad hoc ZigBee home network device is represented by a device proxy service in the proposed architecture so that it can be dynamically registered, discovered, accessed and unregistered just like a common OSGi service [3]. [4] gives a way to construct ZigBee wireless sensor networks and implement remote monitoring and control by a GSM module. [5] describes the structure composition of the smar t home system based on ZigBee and gives a system design concept and implementation approach. Moreover, owing to the rapid growth of mobile technology, highperformance smartphones are widespread and in increasing cases they are utilized as a terminal device. In this paper, we propose design and implementation of a remote monitoring and controlling system using ZigBee networks. This system is targeting the home network. Web service and a smartphone are used for the client system to monitor and control the home. The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, IEEE 802.15.4 and ZigBee specifications are discussed as background technologies. Section 3 describes design issues of remote monitoring and controlling systems. Next, implementation results are included in Section 4. Finally, we conclude this paper in Section 5. 2. Background Technologies 2.1. IEEE 802.15.4 IEEE 802.15 is a working group for the standardization of WPAN (Wireless Personal Area Network). IEEE 802.15.4 is one of the seven task groups which are included in it. The first edition of the 802.15.4 standard was released in May 2003. IEEE 802.15.4 specifies the physical layer (PHY) and media access control (MAC) for low-rate WPAN. WPANs are used to convey information over relatively short distances. It focuses on low-cost, low-speed ubiquitous communication between devices. Unlike wireless local area networks (WLANs), connections effected via WPANs involve little or no infrastructure. This feature allows small, power-efficient, inexpensive solutions to be implemented for a wide range of devices. The basic framework conceives a 10-meter communication range with a transfer rate of 250 kbit/s. Important features include real-time suitability by reservation of guaranteed time slots, collision avoidance through CSMA/CA and integrated support for secure communications. Devices also include power management functions such as link quality and energy detection [6]. Several standardized and proprietary network layer protocols run over 802.15.4-based networks, including IEEE 802.15.5, ZigBee, 6LoWPAN, Wireless HART, and ISA100.11a. Potential application areas include the following: sensors, actuators, interactive toys, remote control, industry networks, home automation and so on. 2.2. ZigBee ZigBee is a standards-based technology that addresses the unique requirements of most remote monitoring and control and sensory network applications. ZigBee builds upon the physical layer and medium access control defined in IEEE 802.15.4 for low-rate WPANs. The specification goes on to complete the standard by adding four main components: network layer, application layer, ZigBee device objects (ZDOs) and manufacturer defined application objects which allow for customization and favor total integration. The initial markets for ZigBee included Consumer Electronics, Energy Management and Efficiency, Health Care, Home Automation, Telecommunication Services, Building Automation, and Industrial Automation. The core ZigBee specifications define smart, costeffective and energy-efficient mesh networks. It is a self-configuring, self-healing system of redundant, low-cost, very low-power nodes. ZigBee is available as two feature sets, ZigBee PRO and ZigBee. Both feature sets define how the ZigBee mesh networks operate [7]. 2.3. Home Network Technologies A home network is a residential local area network (LAN) for communication between digital devices typically deployed in the home, usually a small number of personal computers and accessories, mobile computing devices, mobile phones, digital TVs, PDAs and so on. An important function is the sharing of Internet access, often a broadband service provisioned by fiber-to-the-home or via Cable Internet access, Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) or mobile broadband by Internet service providers (ISPs). In a broader sense, it includes software and services for integration and operation of information appliances in addition to wired or wireless network devices. Home networking technologies can be classified into two kinds: wired and wireless. The telephone, power-line, Ethernet and IEEE 1394 exist as wired home network technologies. As wireless home network technologies, wireless LAN, HomeRF, HyperLAN, Bluetooth, UWB (Ultra Wide Band) and ZigBee are representative. Since wireless networking solutions based on the spread of mobile devices have emerged they can be applied to home networks also. 3. Design of Remote Monitoring and Controlling System This section deals with the design of remote monitoring and controlling systems. To design a system, we considered a home automation network. The system architecture is presented in Figure 1. Figure 1. System Architecture The system consists of a real-time home monitoring sub-system and a light control subsystem. A home server with a home camera caters for home status through video to client. It also works as a home gateway to provide interoperability between the heterogeneous ZigBee and Internet and local and remote control over the home’s light devices through the light control sub-system. A client can access the home server through a web service or smartphone. The client can monitor home status through a real-time monitoring sub-system and control the lights through the 3.1. Real-time Monitoring Sub-system The real-time monitoring sub-system captures images of the area of the home to be monitored and serves the client who accesses the server through the web or a smartphone. Figure 2. Operation Processes of Real-time Monitoring Sub-system Figure 2 shows the operation process of the real-time monitoring sub-system. The server finds a video device and captures images. Then, it generates captured data and transforms the data format for RTP communication. After that, it generates the session manager and streams media data to the client. A client using the web or a smartphone generates the session manager and connects to the server. Then, it receives media data and displays the video. In this way, the client can monitor the in-home status in real-time. 3.2. Light Control Sub-system Light control sub-system is composed of a server which works as a gateway, ZigBee coordinator, end-device, switch node and a light as shown in Figure 3. The operation of the sub-system is as follows. ï‚Ÿ A client program maintains a user interface which contains an on/off control panel. ï‚Ÿ A server which works as a gateway receives control commands from the client and relays the command to the ZigBee coordinator through the RS-232C serial communication. ï‚Ÿ The coordinator relays the control command which is received form the server to the end device through RF communication. ï‚Ÿ The end device receives the command from the coordinator and controls the port of the switch node. The switch node controls the switch of the light. ZigBee based remote controlling can be applied in several ways. In this paper, we considered a simple light control and adopted it for a remote control sub-system. 4. Implementation Results In this section we discuss implementation results of a real-time remote monitoring and controlling system. The server contains a web-cam and the monitoring and controlling programs are implemented using Java. Web-based remote monitoring with video capture, data encoding and RTP communication are implemented using JMF (Java Media Framework) which is a multimedia extension API of Java. A client using web service can access the server after user authentication. Of the ZigBee networks, we use two Chipcon CC2420DB evaluation boards with CC2420s (IEEE 802.15.4 radios) accompanying Z-Stack [8, 9, 10]. One is configured as a coordinator and the other is configured as an end-device. When the coordinator starts, it initializes all internal ports and waits for control commands from the home server. If the home server sends a control command to the coordinator through the serial communication, the coordinator receives the command and sends it directly to the end-device through RF communication. The end device receives the control command from the coordinator and controls the switch node. Figure 4. Implementation Result using Web Service Figure 4 shows the implementation results using web service. A client can access the server after user log-in. The client can monitor the rooms status and control the lights. In the figure, the client turns off the light. The implementation results using a smartphone are shown in figure 5. The client program is implemented on the android platform. Figure 5. Implementation Result using Smartphone As shown in the results, a client can monitor the in-home status in real-time and send light control commands using the control button on the smartphone. 5. Concluding Remarks Recently, the home environment has seen a rapid introduction of networked digital technology. This technology offers new and exciting opportunities to increase the connectivity of devices within the home for the purpose of home automation. Moreover, with the rapid expansion of the Internet, there is the added potential for the remote control and monitoring of such networked devices. ZigBee has become one of the most promising technologies for home networks. ZigBee is a specification for a suite of networking, security and application software layers using small, low-power, low data rate communication technology based on IEEE 802.15.4 standard for personal area networks. Moreover, owing to the rapid growth of mobile technology, highperformance smartphones are widespread and in increasing cases they are being utilized as a terminal device. This paper proposes design and implementation of a remote monitoring and controlling system based on ZigBee networks. Real-time remote monitoring is implemented with JMF which is a multimedia extension API of Java. The remote controlling is implemented using ZigBee networks. The client program in a smartphone is implemented on the android platform. Clients can monitor their homes and send light control commands using the web or a smartphone. This system can be applied in many areas such as elderly protecting systems, cultural heritage or forest fire monitoring systems, managing systems for agricultural cultivation and so on. As a future work, we consider expansion of the system using various sensors and actuators. References [1] Z. Shunyang X. Du, J. Yongping and W. Riming, â€Å"Realization of Home Remote Control Network Based on ZigBee†, Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Electronic Measurement and Instruments, (2007), August 16-18, Xian, China. [2] A Fang, X. Xu, W. Yang and L. Zhang, â€Å"The Realization of Intelligent Home by ZigBee Wireless Network Technology†, Proceedings of the 2009 Pacific-Asia Conference on Circuit, Communications and System, (2009), May 16-17, Chengdu, China. [3] Y. Ha, â€Å"Dynamic Integration of Zigbee Home Networks into Home Gateways Using OSGi Service Registry†, IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, vol. 55, no. 2, (2009). [4] J. W. H. Qin, â€Å"The Design of Wireless Intelligent Home System Base on ZigBee†, Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Communication Technology, (2008), November 10-12, Hangzhou, China. [5] D. Yan and Z. Dan, â€Å"ZigBee-based Smart Home System Design†, Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Advanced Computer Theory and Engineering, (2010), August 20-22, Chengdu, China. [6] IEEE 802.15.4: Wireless medium access control (MAC) and physical layer (PHY)specification for low-rate wireless personal area networks (WPANs), (2006). [7] ZigBee Specification,(2008), Document 053474r17,ZigBee Alliance. [8] Figure 8 Wireless, ZigBee Implementer’s Guide, (2005). [9] Figure 8 Wireless, Z-Stack User’s Guide for the CC2420DB Board, (2005). [10] Figure 8 Wireless, Z-Stack/Z-Tool Serial Port Interface, (2005).

Technology for Primus Securities Essay -- Business Management Technolo

Technology for Primus Securities Summary The use of technology will be very important in the projected growth of Primus Securities. With a multitude of technologies available, choosing the correct ones that maximize capability with future expansion will be a priority. Primus Securities, much like its industry brethren, E-trade Securities and Charles Schwab, is attempting to provide successful online investing via their website. Using technology, Primus has at their disposal many online products, tools, and services to choose from that would provide a unique and satisfying online investment experience for its customers. Primus wishes to expand their site to include more frequent and faster investment opportunity for customers. An incremental implementation of technological infrastructure will allow for future expansion and will provide savings throughout future operation. In addition, this technology will provide customers a more secure and satisfying shopping experience and will increase their confidence level. It will be necessary to incur a large expense on infrastructure installation at the beginning of the development. This infrastructure investment along with a subsequent investment in human resources to staff it will make future expansion cheaper and easier to accomplish. Finally, outsourcing key aspects of the operation will achieve maximum cost savings. Infrastructure   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The purpose of a well-designed infrastructure is to ensure that an e-business is able to run effectively while safely being scaled within a budget. For a company like Primus Securities, a cost effective infrastructure will be implemented remaining functional and adequate for their purposes. The important aspect of a new e-business is to add technology without disturbing business operations and aligning information systems with the organizational strategy. In this paper, Team B will examine a viable infrastructure for a new e-business venture undertaken by Primus Securities. Hardware Decision   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The company needs to invest in equipment such as servers, workstations laptops, PDAs and cell phones to keep up with the competitive edge of technology. The online trading industry is a fast-paced business, where customer information must be readily available to all key employees. Primus Securities main objective is to operate efficiently and effectively. Part of... ... all content is created and managed as separate assets. These are then published to the run-time rendering system. The CM implementation includes DB2 storage, Library Server, and Asset Manager. The Schwab application uses CM versioning, workflow, ACL and its API. (Marshak, 2003) Conclusion References Chan, Isabelle. Dec 2004. The Other Side of Outsourcing. Retrieved August 26, 2005 from http://asia.cnet.com/news/specialreports/0,39037117,39209632,00.htm Charles Schwab web site (http://www.schwab.com) Retrieved August 27, 2005 http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid7_gci212495,00.html Retrieved August 25, 2005 Marshak, D. (2003, December). Charles Schwab Responds to Market Conditions and Customer Needs: Services-Oriented Architecture Improves Time to Market and Leverages Existing Investments. Retrieved August 26, 2005, from http://www.306.ibm.com/software/htp/cics/library/whitepapers/Charles_Schwab.pdf#search='schwab%20online%20infrastructure' Trava Soft, (2003). Services-e-business. Retrieved August 26, 2005, from Information Technology Outsourcing Web site: http://www.tatvasoft.com/offshore-outsourcing-services/offshore-outsourcing-eBusiness.asp

Perspectives of media in health and social care Essay

The objective of this essay is to understand the representations of the media in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)/AIDS issue on gays and bisexual persons within health and social care setting. The importance of the mass media will be discussed to gain insight in promoting awareness on HIV/AIDS. It will clarify some specific theories and models of approach as they relate to mass media context in relation to the case studies and conclude. Irwin et al (2003) assert that the prevalence of HIV/AIDS epidemic in both developing and developed world including the United Kingdom (UK) has increased to a level that is beyond the control of the human behaviours; as a result, the increasing rate of people infected with the HIV/AIDS and the rate of people dying in terms of mortality rate have caused a concern among policy makers, journalists, governments and the Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) throughout the entire world. For example, people infected are estimated at 34 million with HIV/AIDS while people who died is at 1.7 million globally (UNAIDS 2012). This led journalists across the globe including the United Kingdom (UK) to adopt strategies and develop tools to combat the epidemics. Hart (1991) defines mass media as devices that simultaneously transmit messages to large numbers of people and indicates that media are classified in three different kinds which include presentational, representational, and mechanical or electronic media. The mass media performs three key functions: educating, shaping public relations, and advocating for a particular policy or point of view. As education tools, media not only impart knowledge, but can be part of larger efforts to promote health issues and other related activities (e.g., social marketing) to promote behaviour change social utility (Department of Health 2011). For instance, when using the social marketing, the mass media targets a particular through poster and other adverts to inform gays and bisexual about the HIV. Beck et al (2005) emphasises that the presentational media ensures face-to-face communication, e.g. speech. He also indicates that the representational media enables messages to be stored, passed over a distance and produced in the absence of the participants because they use symbol  codes of prints, graphics and photography to communicate e.g. newspapers, comics and magazines. Thomson and White (2008) said that the messages are projected through television, radio, newspapers adverts, magazine, leaflets, books, and internet. This is evidenced in the communication model which states that the flow of information is a system of conveying a message in two ways, or in a multiple channels, because individuals will get opinions which are influenced by the type of message to be delivered. The model is based on two step system of information flow which in turn influences the wider community (Wellings and Field 1996). In United Kingdom (UK), the Department of Health allocated  £ 2.9 million each year to promote at the national level, the HIV/AIDS prevention campaigns through TV and other adverts (House of Lords 2010). The application of Marxist theory emphasises on the direct relationship existing between those who have economic power and those who can be able to disseminate information across the society. Tones and Tilford (2001) emphasised that the environmental model of approach is based on the advocating for the prevention of disease rather than depending on medical cure. Medical treatment is limited in providing effective behavioural change and cure. In other perspective, when using the environmental approach, a set of series programmes about HIV has only attempted to raise the awareness of how the disease can be contracted and prevented. Karpf (1998) identified the looking after yourself model said that this model mainly focus on individuals behaviour change. The concept of look after yourself approach has helped media and health organisations to campaign through TV, Radio and providing advices and necessary information to make people aware of the HIV effects. It also changed the way the society used to perceive the value of culture in line with the HIV/AIDS among gay and bisexual society, and this has become mainstreamed in the society (Miller 2002). McQuail (2010) emphasis that Marxist theory, put emphasis on promoting ideas than looking at material structure of the society. However, Marxist theory has contributed to the promotion of mass media; its critics depend on how media could have the power to influence the society in order to effectively effect change (McQuail 2010). The functionalist theory is based on the human behaviours which are run by the way social pattern reflect some kind of stability in relation to the social reality (Brym and Lie 2010) For instance, the use of TV as a channel to  disseminate information on HIV/AIDS has offered sights and real message to stimulate people representation to understand the significance of the effect of having HIV/AIDS. Despite the use of TV as means of disseminating the message on HIV/AIDS, has a limited scope in term of coverage because it is often limited to crises (Basten 2009). The UNAIDS (2004) report indicates that with TV there are some costs associated to it, for instance, the cost of advertising a short avert on health issues such as the HIV/AIDS is high, because of time consuming and creative art for the performance to meet a particular market segments ( Hornik 2008). Beck et al (2005) indicates that the use of the radio as a media of communication has the potential to reach diverse groups of people and huge number of people within the community.

Seven Organizational Approaches Hca/220

Seven Organizational Approaches The seven organizational approaches consist of theses: 1. Body planes and body direction 2. Body cavities 3. Quadrants and regions 4. Anatomy and physiology 5. Microscopic to macroscopic 6. Body system 7. Medical specialties The body planes and body directions are used to study by dividing it with planes when in an anatomical position. Coronal plane or frontal plane is the vertical plane that divides the body front and back. The front of the body is the anterior or ventral. The back of the body is the posterior or the dorsal. Laying face down is the prone position.Lying on the back is dorsal supine. Sagittal plane is a vertical plane that dividends the body into right and left section. The body cavities consist of seven cavities. Cranial cavity is within the bony cranium. This contains the brain, cranial nerves, as well as other structures. Spinal cavity is the continuation of the cranial cavity, it travels sown the midline of the back. Spinal cavity i s within the bones of spinal column. This contains the spinal cord, spinal nerves. Thoracic cavity is within the chest surrounded by the breast bone (sternum) anteriorly, ribs, bones of the spinal column posteriorly.Thoracic cavity contains the lungs. Abdominal cavity is within the abdomen. Pelvic cavity is a continuation of the abdomen cavity. The pelvic cavity is surrounded by the pelvic (hip) bone. The abdominopelvic cavity contains organs of the gastrointestinal, reproductive, and urinary system. These internal organs in the abdominopelvic cavity are known as the viscera. You can study the human body by Quadrants and Regions. You have the four quadrants which include the left upper and left lower quadrants and the right upper and right lower quadrants.There are also nine regions which include the right and left hypochondriac regions, the epigastric region, the right and left lumbar regions, the umbilical region, the right and left inguinal or iliac regions, and hypogastric regio n. Anatomy and Physiology are way you can study the human body as well. Anatomy is the study of the structures of the human body. Physiology is the study of the functions of those structures. Microscopic to Macroscopic is a way the human body can be studied according to its smallest part and how they combine to make larger and more complex structures and systems.Body systems are another way the human body can be studied according to its various structures and how they function together as a whole. The following are a list of body systems: Gastrointestinal system, respiratory system, cardiovascular system, blood, lymphatic system, integumentary system, skeletal system, muscular system, nervous system, urinary system, male genital and reproductive system, female genital and reproductive system, endocrine system, eyes, ears, nose, and throat system. The human body can be studied according to the medical specialties that make up the practice of medicine.

buy custom Deoxyribonucleic Acid essay

buy custom Deoxyribonucleic Acid essay ABSTRACT Deoxyribonucleic acid is often abbreviated as DNA ,is basically a nucleic acid which contains genetic material or instructions that are used for the development and functioning of any living organisms except the RNA viruses. The main role that DNA molecules play is the storage of genetic information. DNA is in most cases compared to some set of blueprints, because it contains the main instructions that are needed for constructing other aspects of body cells, for instance proteins and others like the RNA molecules. The segments of the DNA that carry the genetic material are normally called genes, the other DNA parts have structural functions and purposes, for instance they are in are involved in the process of regulating the use of some of the genetic information and material . The RNA and other proteins in the DNA are some of the three main and major macromolecules which are essential for any form of life. The background of DNA and how it came about DNA mainly consists of two lengthy polymers which consist of small and simple units known as nucleotides which have backbones that are made of phosphate groups and sugars; they are normally joined by bonds of ester. The two strands sort of run in opposite directions from each other and therefore appear to be anti-parallel. One of those four types of molecules that are called nucleobases are attached to the sugars .It is the sequence and arrangement of these four nucleobases on the backbone which encodes the genetic information. This genetic information is normally read using genetic code, which helps in specifying the sequence of other properties like the amino acids in the proteins. The genetic code is normally read by basically copying the DNA stretches into related nucleic acid RNA through a process that is called transcription. Within bodily cells, DNA is normally organized into some long structures known as chromosomes. During the process of cell division the chromosomes are normally duplicated in the DNA replication process, this provides each of the cells with its own set of chromosomes. Eukaryotic organisms always store most of their DNA material in their cell nucleus. Court Cases that involved DNA tests DNA has help free many people who were incarcerated for many years for instance there was a case involving a Texas man who was imprisoned close to 30 years ago because of robbery charges, he was lucky recently when his conviction got overturned after DNA test evidence helped him get exonerated. A Dallas County Judge by the name Don Adams overturned Mr. Cornelius Dupree Jr.s conviction due to contrary evidence courtesy of a DNA test. Dupree had served many years in a prison in Texas for a crime he actually did not commit fortunately he got exonerated because of the DNA evidence. Its only two other individuals who got exonerated by use of DNA have spent a longer period of time in prison in the whole republic, this was revealed by the Innocence Project. Texas alone has freed close to 41 wrongly incarcerated prisoners and this is necessitated by DNA testing since the year 2001, than any other state. Mr. Dupree told journalists that being free brought a lot of joy to him considering the period of time he had been unfairly incarcerated .He confessed that his release was both joyous but also made him angered in one way or another but the joy overrode the anger ,freedom meant a lot to him. The decisions of the judge were based on the some of the comments from a Dallas District Attorney by the name Craig Watkins, who said that the DNA testing proved otherwise in regard to allegations that Dupree committed the crime. After his release Dupree attempted not to be too annoyed and angry, despite the fact that they had imprisoned him unfairly for 30 years and wasted his time. He announced that what happened to him could have happened to any other person but it was unfortunate that it happened to him and he pleaded for the federal government to correct the justice system to ensure that no one ever suffers for mistakes or crimes they acually didnt commit. The system he was actually referring to was that of the united states but particularly Dallas because a record 21 individuals had been exonerated because their DNA test contradicted the allegations levelled against them .Mr. Cornelius Dupree spent thirty years in prison because of mistaken identity, something that would have been avoided if all the right practices would have been used in the due process that led to his misery. Nina Morrison, who happens to be a senior staff lawyer at the Dallas Innocence Project, while addressing the media over the same issue confessed that indeed there, are a big number of people who are always wrongly accused and convicted especially in Dallas and many other places in America on the basis of wrong identification or mistaken identity. Fortunately she promised that a lot of improvements were in the offing to ensure that what happened to Mr. Dupree does not ever happen to someone else. Morrison attributed the exoneration of Dupree to the good work of some of the district attorneys who has seriously been examining some of the previous convictions very closely and also the Dallas County legal authorities for keep evidence safely. Watkins who was the then district attorney, said that there were no standards in place to basically help in the proper keeping of evidence, but when he assumed office, he ensured that people did not only seek to convict others but to also seek justic e. According to Shown, A. (2011), one of the measures that should be in place is to basically create a unit which specifically looks at claims of those alleging to be innocent .Watkins together with Morrison who work at the innocence project are fully determined to see that changes that are aimed at ensuring instant justice to the innocent ones are in place. The authorities should be concerned with ensuring that they bring back trust to the justice system. Dupree had been accused of being part of a group of men who forced a middle aged woman who was in the company of a male friend to get into a car at gun point in the year 1979.The two were forced to drive and got robbed in the process as far as the court document used in that case are concerned. Dupree was also accused of raping the young lady according to the court documents. According to the court documents, the young lady initially managed to identify Dupree after being presented a photo line-up. During the trial, both victims alleged that Dupree was the one who committed the heinous crime. Dupree was convicted and given a 75 years sentence. Dupree struggled and fought for his innocence from the day he was arrested and a very long period of time he unsuccessfully attempted to convince the authorities that he was mistakenly identified by the victim as the suspect. The Criminal court Appeal handling his case turned him down more than two times. According to Wade, S (2010), mistaken identification is one of the most common excuses that court give whenever they accuse and at times sentence people innocently, this has always plagued most of our criminal justice systems, however great strides have actually been made in past few decades to help accurately understand some of the problem in order to come up with solutions to help minimize some of the wrongful convictions. According to Osterburg, j.and Ward. R (2010) the state lawmakers should be very keen and take note of the unnecessary miscarriage of truth and justice that Cornelius suffered because whenever a wrong person gets convicted of a criminal activity, the real person who perpetrated the crime goes free. The use of DNA is one of the most efficient ways to ensure that justice is dispensed to all fairly unfortunately its a bit expensive and if effected together with other small changes for instance reducing corruption because as much as DNA May be accurate,if we have a rogues judiciary then we are headed nowhere.To make the system most efficient and reduce chances of corruption quite a number of changes have to take place. First of all it ought to be completely independent including the operations of public defender offices, which should have their own readily available and stable full-time defense lawyers and attorneys fully bbacked by good office support staff and smart investigators. The public defender offices should be subjects to regular evaluation and scrutiny .Public defender offices should be established in more counties and if possible expand and strengthen the existing ones for capital cases, in order to have statewide reach among the less populated counties. The state needs more leaders and particularly those in authority to have integrity so as to ensure that all the money that is allocated for targeted efforts doesnt get misappropriated. The counties should strive to be self efficient and shoulder the entire cost of the public defender office for them to realize growth and a sense of responsibility. If at all this strategy doesnt seem to work, then the grants should be structured so that the state can cover half the cost of the indigent defense program. Alternatively, the government can as well play an oversight role in order to assist public defender offices for them to be more effective. Another option is to make the various attorney appointment procedures and systems across the state to be more independent. Many are of the opinion that the current system of giving the jury or judges the power to appoint the defense lawyers or attorneys runs counter to best practices that were promulgated by the American Bar Association. Its argued that by giving judges and the jury this power, posed as a fundamental conflict of interest and an opportunity for corruption. Short of coming up with an independent public defender offices, options that can allow counties to come up with an independent counsel appointment system still exist. There is speculation that judges can still jump at such chances in a bid to relieve themselves of the heavy administrative burdens of appointing counsel. The biggest pushback and impediment against a public defenders office may probably come from older judges who probably dont want to give up the influence that comes together with the power of appointing an attorney. Again some judges tend to use their power to appoint at times like a patronage tool when election year come. Legislatures should also try and see the possibility of a statewide public defender system. Particularly large and diverse ones like Texas need uniform and collectively agreed on standards that can best be enforced and coordinated through a statewide office. The authorities should also help by keeping a keen eye on counties that dont comply with the Fair Defense Act. THE STATES ROLE IN ENSURING THE EFFICIENT OF THE SYSTEM The most important functions or role of a successful state commission or oversight body is to insulate the defense function by basically providing a measure of independence to the indigent defense system from all sorts of political and judicial influence. They should also incorporate medical practitioners who are trained in matters concerning DNA. Without that kind of composition of the justice system and independence, the probability or likelihood of managing to successfully improve indigent. Defense services are highly diminished. Forty-two (42) states have created some kind of statewide public defender commission or agency which can provide oversight for indigent defense services. Next to giving independence to a states Indigent defense system, another critical role that the state commission should play is to act as an oversight body which should monitor costs and cases, or by basically ensuring that the quality of indigent defense services is high. The state can as well develop indigent defense standards like performance standards and regulating caseload limits, and also overseeing compliance with the set standards. The oversight should be provided exclusively through a well established state commission or an oversight board. However, the level of the authority that the commission should have, together with its effectiveness ,should be linked to the amount of funds given or level of funding that will be provided by the state. Without all this the DNA tests can as well be useless. 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Ripe vs. Rife

Ripe vs. Rife Ripe vs. Rife Ripe vs. Rife By Maeve Maddox Researching banking in the Roman Empire, I read the following in a scholarly discussion of Roman tax collecting: The process was ripe with corruption and scheming. The context calls for the word rife, not ripe. The process was not â€Å"ripe with corruption,† but â€Å"rife with corruption,† that is, the process was riddled with corruption. In simplest terms, ripe conveys readiness, whereas rife conveys abundance. Ripe is related to reap. When something is ripe, it is ready to be harvested or eaten. Ripe may be used literally or figuratively: You can tell if a peach is ripe or not by a gentle, yet firm squeeze with your fingers. When the time is ripe, I myself will deal out justice in strict fairness. Rife means abundant, prevalent, or widespread. When something is rife, there’s a lot of it: In the tiny community of Peyton Place, immorality was rife. Jones made his money when manufacturing opportunities were rife. Ripe is often followed by a prepositional phrase beginning with for: The field is ripe for harvest. The World’s largest Net Lease Is Ripe for A Takeover Why Commercial Real Estate Is Ripe For Disruption in 2015 Rife is often followed by a phrase that begins with the preposition with: Judicial Races Now Rife With Politics Nursing Profession Rife with Occupational Hazards Congress Rife With Gridlock and Partisanship Rife is frequently used in a negative context, but it can also be used to denote the abundance of something positive, like opportunities. Here are some examples of the misuse of ripe and rife on the Web, with corrections: Incorrect: Men’s health industry ripe with content marketing opportunities Correct : Men’s health industry rife with content marketing opportunities Correct : Men’s health industry ripe for content marketing opportunities Incorrect: Myanmar is ripe with Economic Opportunities Correct : Myanmar is rife with Economic Opportunities Correct : Myanmar is ripe for Economic Opportunities Incorrect: The commission uncovered an industry ripe with corruption and unjustifiable rates. Correct : The commission uncovered an industry rife with corruption and unjustifiable rates. Incorrect: The industry is ripe with challenges, but it is also ripe with opportunity. Correct : The industry is rife with challenges, but it is also ripe for opportunity. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Awoken or Awakened?Adverbs and Hyphens

Contract law problem question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Contract law problem question - Essay Example that even though it may have seemed to Jane that they were entering into a separate valid contract they never actually intended to conclude any such contract and the work done by Jayne was part of the original contract. Jane on the other hand will argue the opposite and claim that this particular trip was not part of the main contract and that this trip was as a result of a separate contract. This raises another subsidiary issue here which is not very clear on the facts available. She attended the conference as a part of the terms of her contract in September 2007. It remains ambiguous what the contract says in terms of her discretion is choosing to go to the conference and her entitlement of the bonus or any additional money. We shall not dwelve into this much due to the lack of clear instructions but shall proceed on the assumption that the contract remains silent on these issues. It is pertinent to mention here that the general rule adopted by the courts is that they will look at the intention of the parties objectively. This was decided in the case of Centrovincial Estates plc v. Merchant Investors Assurance Company Limited [1983]. In this case the claimants let premises to the defendants at a yearly rent of 68,320 but when they received the written acceptance they quickly informed the defendants that they intended 126,000. The courts held that there was a valid contract and that it was contrary to well-established principles that after the acceptance in the way stipulated by the contract, that the claimants turn around and say that they made a mistake which the offeree neither knew nor could reasonably have known when he accepted it. Here, Jayne can argue that while making the representation she could not have reasonably known that SE was making a mistake and that they never intended to make a separate contract. However, critics like Professor Atiyah basin g their argument on the case of The Hannah Blumenthal [1983] argue that a subjective approach should be adopted and that without any detriment to the offeree, the courts should not hold this to be a valid contract. In our situation the idea of detriment to Jayne is questionable. First, it is true that in admitting her son to the Westbrook Academy and paying the first year's fees of 5,000, she had acted to her detriment. The matter that is doubtful is whether she would have done that anyways or was it solely based on the expectation of a bonus of 4,000. The courts will probably also look at the fact that there was a difference of 1,000 between the fees and the bonus. But this is an evidential matter. The courts adopting an objective approach will look at what the objective man would have done in this situation and implement their own view. The courts will however also look at a subjective view if evidence could be led that Jayne somehow knew that the company was making a mistake or that the money will never be paid to her, this can be done on the pretext of SE's approach with reference to other employees experiences that Jayne knew about or her own previous experiences with SE (Scriven Bros. v. Hindley [1913]). It is however concluded

Project on There's Something About Mary (1998) Scene Analysis Essay

Project on There's Something About Mary (1998) Scene Analysis - Essay Example Although it was at the number one slot till its eighth week at the weekly box office, it played a total of well over 176 million U.S. dollars (cost about 23 million U.S. dollars) and was thus the third most successful film in 1998. ‘There's Something About Mary’ occupies space 27 in the list of the 100 best English comedies, as per list published by the American Film Institute on the 100-year anniversary of American film. In general, the reactions of critics to the film were positive. Internet reviewing site received 82 reviews, giving the film an overall score of 83%. The rating for the film on the site averaged at seven out of ten. They considered the movie to be warm and have a strong heart, despite the childish and trivial humor that it exhibited. Metacritic gave the film a lower rating of 69%, as a consequence of reviews from 29 critics. The film critic for the Chicago Sun-Times, Roger Ebert rated the film three stars out of four, stating the watching the film exposes some of our base human nature, our humor, by ignoring the normal standards of political correctness, manners, values and decorum (Ebert 1998). One of the most amusing scenes of the film occurs when Mary arrives for a date with Ben Stiller’s character, who is masturbating in the bathroom. Despite the borderline vulgarity and offensiveness of the scene, it is very funny.

Fingerprints history Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Fingerprints history - Coursework Example Factors that are contributing to the fingerprint occurrence are skin pliability, pressure, slippage, texture of the surface of materials, and the likes. Types of fingerprints are exemplar that is use in instances like enrollment, latent that is being used in forensic investigation, patent that is the mark made by flour and the likes, plastic by holding the very material, and electronic recording that is assisted with technology to identify the fingerprints purposely (Manchester Evening News 2010). Three historical people have contributed to the science of fingerprints. They are Marcello Malpighi (1628 – 1694), Edward Henry (1850 – 1931), and Henry Faulds (1843 – 1930). Although there were also numerous historical people who have contributed to the science of fingerprints, the selection of the three are due to their distinctive contribution to one another as the rest tend to overlap with their works. It is also a selection based on chronological discoveries. Marce llo Malpighi. Marcello Malpighi was an Italian physicist whose famous contribution was the â€Å"Malpighian Tubule System.† Marcello had studied anatomical studies and published books on anatomy. In one of his books, he illustrated the detailed ridge structure of the fingers.

Strategic Planning For British Airways Management Essay

Strategic Planning For British Airways Management Essay The purpose of this paper is to evaluate an effective and efficient strategic planning for airline industry providing British Airways strategic plan. British Airways leading UK market as a leader of the airline industries. This paper evaluate the British Airways strategic planning including the strategic model, Enternal and external environmental enalysis,management risk and strategic v operational risk. This paper is done by secondary data collection process which is totally qualitative data base paper. Most of the information I got from British Airways own website (www.britishairways.com) and some are from some Book, Journals and Articles. Mainly for their (British Airways) business strategy planning they are following some strategic models like Porters five forces model, PESTEL analysis, and SWOT analysis etc. By those analysis organization can understand like British airways can understand that what is their external and internal condition and what is the strength for them ,what is opportunity and weakness and based on those factors they are trying to compete with their competitors and getting good market share in the tourism and hospitality industry. Contents 3 1.1 Objectives 5 1.2 Company Overview 6 1.2.1 Company Structure 6 1.2.2 Corporate Level Structure 7 1.2.3 Business Level Structure 7 1.2.4 Functional Level Structure 7 1.3 Current Strategies 8 2.0 Environmental Analysis(External Analysis) 9 2.1 PESTEL Analysis 9 2.2 SWOT analyses 11 3.0 Strategic Planning Model 11 S 11 Internal Strengths 11 Brand Image 11   Partnerships HYPERLINK #__RefHeading__29263_575820157HYPERLINK #__RefHeading__29263_575820157 Alliances 11   Financial size and stability 11   Terminal 5 11 W 11 Internal Weaknesses 11 Poor employee relations history 11   Reliability and trust 11   Innovation HYPERLINK #__RefHeading__29277_575820157HYPERLINK #__RefHeading__29277_575820157 change 11 0 11 External Opportunities 11 Quality System 11   Competitors forced exit 11   Competitors failing on delivering reliability 11   Emergence of new markets 11 T 11 External Threats 11 Open Skies Agreement 11   Environmental awareness 11   Global economic crisis 11   Lower cost competition 11 3.1 Porters Five Forces 12 4.0 Customer Analysis 13 5.0 Competitor Analysis 15 5.1 Strategic Groups 15 6.0 Internal Analysis 17 6.1 Value Chain Analysis (VCA) 17 17 6.2 Key Strategic Issues 20 7.0 Implementation 22 8.0 Managing Risk 24 9.0 Ethics 24 10.0 Strategic V Operational Conflict 25 11.0 Recommendation 26 11.1 Financial 26 11.2 People 26 11.3 Legal 26 11.0 Conclusion 27 1.1 Objectives The main objective of this paper is to develop the internal external environmental analysis and strategic planning with risk management and business ethics. Specific objectives are following, Evaluate the current strategic position of British Airways. Analyse the strategic Planning Models for British Airways. Analyse British Airways internal and external environment. 1.2 Company Overview British Airways is the UKs largest international scheduled airline. At the side of scheduled services, BA is engaged in the operation of international and domestic carriage of freight and mail, and the ancillary services (Datamonitor, 2008). In association with codeshare and franchise partners, BA fly to more than 300 destinations, and carried more than 33 million passengers, earning over  £8.7 billion in revenue in 2007/08 (British Airways, 2008). Employee headcount in March 2008 stood at 42,377 people (Datamonitor, 2008). Since privatisation in 1987, BA has continued to grow as competition in the market has risen worldwide. In recent times, BA has successfully been labelled the worlds first airline to take part in a scheme to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (2002) and to allow passengers to print online boarding passes (2004) (British Airways, 2008). In 2005, the company saw Willie Walsh become Chief Executive of BA (Flight Global, 2008), who to date has driven the company through the completion of Terminal 5 at Heathrow, amongst other new initiatives. Despite reported and imminent industry hits due to the global economic downturn, BAs future looks promising. As BA announces its aim of becoming the worlds most responsible airline in the latest annual report (British Airways, 2008), great importance lies in developing guiding principles and careful strategic direction to allow the achievement of this goal. 1.2.1 Company Structure When implementing strategy, people are crucial to the success (Johnson et al., 2008), therefore the structure within BA will now be analysed to ensure successful implementation. 1.2.2 Corporate Level Structure (Adapted from British Airways, 2008). At a corporate level, BA has a good structure already in place. There is a new Acting Customer Director on an interim basis, Silla Maizey (British Airways, 2008). She has introduced a new customer service team working with Heathrow Customer Services, designed to put customers first. Using the current structure to implement our strategy, it is recommended that a permanent and not acting director to be recruited. In terms of the technological strategy, no amendments to the current structure are necessary as BA already have systems in place to implement new technology. 1.2.3 Business Level Structure At a business level each department will need to ensure all staff implements the strategies that have come top-down from a corporate level and work within the organisations brand values. Each department must also tailor the corporate level objectives specifically to its own targets. This will help to build the brand, improve its customer relationship focus and achieve the stated objectives. 1.2.4 Functional Level Structure Every function must coordinate with each other to ensure objectives are met and an updated operations manual must be developed. Specifically for the relations strategy, detailed targets must be stated for both the marketing and HR functions with constant data capture and analysis to see whether the targets are being met. Sufficient training on the new onboard technology will be necessary on an ongoing basis to ensure that employees are fully familiar with the service. 1.3 Current Strategies The paper will be designed in consideration of BAs current strategies: Upgrade customer experience via the introduction of text and mobile services for business class customers. Modernise aircraft fleet and offer new services. Manage cost base. Increase corporate responsibility through environmental performance and partnerships. 2.0 Environmental Analysis(External Analysis) For success within the airline industry, an awareness of the external environment is essential. This section aims to highlight the position of the industry, in particular looking at competitors and assessing BAs capability to meet current and future challenges. 2.1 PESTEL Analysis (Source: Johnson et al., 2008, p56) Figure 1-Pastel Analysis Factors BA Implication Political 1. Heavy regulation (AEA, 2009). BA: Compliance is essential if BA wants to continue operations 2.Increased security due to past terrorist threats (DFT, 2008). BA: Sufficient security measures should be in place to ensure consumer confidence and competitive advantage is maintained. Economic 1.Global economic crisis:World growth is projected to just over 2  percent in 2009 (IMF, 2008). Pound weakens especially against the Euro. BA: Possible reduction in the amount of business travel as companies are cutting costs and using alternative means of communication such as teleconferencing. BA is vulnerable as a UK operating airline to a poor exchange rate. 2. Oil prices: declined by >50 % since their peak retreating to 2007 levels. Decline in fuel price = strengthening of the dollar (IMF, 2008) BA: Fluctuations in oil prices and exchange rates will directly affect BAs cost base. 3. UK consumer spending saw its sharpest decline for 13 years between July and September 2008 (Channel 4, 2008). BA: More intense competition Social 1.The UK has an aging population (see appendix 3) (National Statistics Online, 2008). BA:Potential opportunities for growth as older generations havemore time to spend on leisure activities such as international travel. 2. Increasing unemployment (Kollewe and Sager, 2008). BA: Increased bargaining power as an employer. Technological 1.A recent survey revealed that 34% of online consumers plan to use price-comparison sites more in 2009 (NMA, 2009). BA: Increased consumer awareness and therefore bargaining power. 2. Online booking services and check-in is becoming increasingly used by the airline industry. BA: BA must ensure that they remain up to date with these technological advances whilst avoiding becoming overly reliant, as this may isolate certain consumer markets (i.e the elderly) who dont feel comfortable using such technology. Environmental/Ethical 1.Noise pollution controls,and energy consumption controls (DFT, 2008). BA:New legislation (e.g. Climate Change Bill) enforcing tighter environmental regulation may increase operational costs each year. 2.Limited land and for growing airports Expansion is difficult at Heathrow as it would result in a loss in the Londons Green belt area. (BBC News 2006) BA:Limited capacity=>utilisation of capacity. 3.Consumers are becoming increasingly green and more aware of the environmental impact of their actions. BA:Failure to adopt an integrated environmental strategy could lead to a detrimental effect on the BAs reputation and income. 4.Cancellations of flights and loss of baggage (Channel 4, 2008). BA: Such ethical issues could have a detrimental effect on reputation if left unresolved. Legal 1.Collusion and price fixing. BA:Restriction on mergers will have an impact on BAs proposed alliance with American Airlines. 2. Recognition of trade unions and industrial action e.g. Cabin Crew strikes. BA:Good employee relations are essential if BA wants to avoid industrial action and interrupted operations. 3.Open Skies Agreement (AEA, 2009) BA:Opportunity for BA and its competitors to freely transport aircraft between the EU and US. 2.2 SWOT analyses Figure 2-SWOT analyses S Internal Strengths Brand Image   Partnerships Alliances   Financial size and stability   Terminal 5 W Internal Weaknesses Poor employee relations history   Reliability and trust   Innovation change 0 External Opportunities Quality System   Competitors forced exit   Competitors failing on delivering reliability   Emergence of new markets T External Threats Open Skies Agreement   Environmental awareness   Global economic crisis   Lower cost competition 3.0 Strategic Planning Model 3.1 Porters Five Forces (Source: Johnson et al., 2008, p60) It is important to analyse the competitive nature of the airline industry in order to assess the position of BA. The Five Forces tool will enable BA to make strategic decisions in order to increase profitability. Force Strength Competitive Rivalry BA caters for both long haul and short haul flights. Within long haul there is little differentiation between BA and their competitors, in terms of price and service offering. The short haul market is more fragmented with many small players. Direct competitive rivalry is fierce, e.g. Virgin has a website opposing the proposed strategic alliance between BA and AA No Way BA/AA (Virgin Atlantic, 2008). Consolidation of competitors has increased competition. HIGH Power of Suppliers Two aircraft manufacturers = High bargaining power. BA restricted by sole supplier of fuel to the airport. Priority of landing slots is given to historic rights of existing users (IATA, 2008). BA employees use collective bargaining through trade unions in order to increase their bargaining power HIGH Power of Buyers Low concentration of buyers to suppliers means they have little bargaining power. Increased internet usage has amplified awareness and interaction of customers (Keynote, 2008c). MEDIUM Threat of New Entrants Significant barriers to entry: such as the competitive environment, high regularity requirements and high capital cost requirements. Barriers to exit are in place which deters new entrants. The failure of recent airlines such as XL and Zoom is likely to deter new entrants (Times Online, 2008). LOW Threat of Substitutes There are few direct substitutes: Short haul flights: the Eurostar or a ferry. Long haul flights: no notable substitutes. LOW 4.0 Customer Analysis Over the past decade there has been increasing complexity in customer needs, as the customer has become more educated and demanding. Particularly, the following changes have occurred: A shift in demographics to older passengers (Keynote, 2008c). Increased global connectivity allowing the usage of internet and search mediums (e.g. comparison and review websites). Increased requirement for convenience (e.g. new destinations, quick check-in). Price has become more of a priority Segments have become more defined within their needs. Evidence that BA is failing to respond to the changing customer landscape includes: The amount of BA customers recommending their services reduced from 61% in 2006/07 to 59% in 2007/08 (British Airways, 2008). BA have been criticised for slow innovation (Doganis, 2006, Pg 165). Poor reliability and baggage handling (AQR) Failed attempts to target the price conscious consumer through low cost airline operation (Eirma, 2008). 5.0 Competitor Analysis 5.1 Strategic Groups Figure 3 Strategic Group Analysis (Source: Johnson et al., 2008, p73-77.) Figure 3 illustrates that BAs direct competitors are those who operate similar services and lie within the same strategic group. The competition is likely to be most intense within this group as they are seeking similar strategies. Lufthansa and KLM-Air France are the 2 leading European Airlines Member carriers in terms of passenger numbers, with 15.1% and 14.1% respectively of the total number of passengers carried. BA comes in third with 9.3% of the total (Keynote, 2008c). BA face competition from a small number of serious contenders in the UK, with the main contenders being Virgin Atlantic, and United Airlines in the Star Alliance soon controlling BMI (Euromonitor, 2008). Although they do not lie within the same strategic group as BA the advent of low-cost air travel has changed the face of the airline industry. Airlines such as Ryanair and EasyJet have established themselves among the leading carriers in Europe, whilst the more established long-haul carriers such as BA have struggled to keep up with their counterparts growth rates. Moreover the economic downturn and sharp fall in oil prices has caused a price war between Emirates, BA and Virgin Atlantic on the London-Dubai route. Fares have dropped by 30% across the airlines. Thus competition still remains fierce. Based on the strategic group analysis it could be argued that there is a gap in the market for a low cost airline operating a high breadth of service however it is likely the reason no airlines have adopted this strategy is due to the fact that it would be destined to fail. This assumption could be supported by BAs failed attempt to enter this market in recent years (Telegraph, 2002). 6.0 Internal Analysis It is now essential to analyse the internal environment in order to formulate appropriate strategies. 6.1 Value Chain Analysis (VCA) BA have tried to control the system further by forward and backward mitigation. Through controlling many component supplies in-house, and through BA Holidays Plc, BA increases their reach in the value system to the supplier and channel value chains. Figure 6 Value Chain (Adapted from: Johnson et al., 2008, p110) SUPPORT ACTIVITIES FIRM INFRASTRUCTURE Structured hierarchy allows BA to make use of a multitude of specialist knowledge in order to gain competitive advantage over downsized firms. HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Invested in the development of customer service training in 2007 attracting the best employees. Speak Up opinion survey encourages employees to provide feedback (British Airways, 2008). TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT BA has added value in this category over smaller companies due to slack resources that can be employed to innovate the service (e.g. individual LCD screens). PROCUREMENT Due to the size and historical business relationships and alliances, BA is able to leverage suppliers and through economies of scale make efficiencies where competitors may fail. PRIMARY ACTIVITIES INBOUND LOGISTICS Stock Control High quality training accredited by City Guilds (British Airways, 2008). Ongoing relationship with suppliers (e.g. Gate Gourmet. OPERATIONS Increased Baggage Security. Quick check-in services and secure online bookings with ability to pre-book additional services. OUTBOUND LOGISTICS Customer Service Large database of airport slots enable passengers to access the majority of destinations from preferred airport. MARKETING SALES Marketing communications to all stakeholders. Brand allowing for large budget to be spent in this field. POST SALE SERVICE Loyalty club card. Update communication on other services Whilst the Value Chain highlights the primary and support activities that add value to BA, there are a number of inefficiencies within these activities that arguably reduce the amount of value provided (see figure 7 and 8). Figure 7 Support Activities Value Loss SUPPORT ACTIVITIES Firm Infrastructure Large bureaucratic infrastructure decreases effective communication and increases inertia. HRM BAs employee opinion surveys attracted a mere 35% response rate in 2007 (British Airways, 2008). Due to high collective bargaining capabilities, BA has contended a number of highly publicised employee relations issues (e.g. Cabin Crew strike over pay, sickness absence, and staffing in 2007 (BBC News, 2007). Technology Development BA has failed to gain recognition for new innovation. Figure 8 Primary Activities Value Loss PRIMARY ACTIVITIES Inbound Logistics High solidarity between supplier employees and BA employees has created a history of negative industrial action. For example, in 2005, BA employees walked out for two days when Gate Gourmet employees were sacked (BBC News, 2005). Operations/Outbound Logistics TV documentary reported on Terminal Five operation difficulties, an emergency landing at LHR, poor baggage handling and flight cancellations (Channel Four, 2008). Marketing Sales A lack of innovation in their marketing communications (e.g. Virgin gaining value over BA). 6.2 Key Strategic Issues Analysis Tool Key Findings Strategic Implications PESTEL Global economic crisis. Higher regulatory requirements. Increasing environmental awareness. Decline in consumer spending. Increased use of the internet by customers. Focus on technological and environmental issues. Porters Five Forces High competitive rivalry and bargaining power of suppliers. Defensive strategies needed to protect market share. Customer Analysis Consumer trends in high convenience and high expectations of service. Ensure changing customer needs are understood and met Strategic Group Analysis Intense competition within strategic group and trend for consolidation. The biggest other threat comes from low cost airlines. Although low cost airlines are the biggest threat to BA, moving into low cost market is not deemed appropriate based on previous failed attempts. Airline Quality Review BA = poor baggage handling, poor on flight entertainment and low customer satisfaction. Service Quality needs to be improved to gain a competitive advantage GE Matrix Highest growth markets; Asia Pacific and Eastern Europe. BA has a strong opportunity for market development in Asia and Eastern Europe. The Value Chain BA adds value; financial size and stability, brand image, industry expertise, and partnerships and alliances. BA loses value to competition; employee relations and performance, marketing delivery, reliability, and slow innovation. BA needs to address the areas where value is being lost to avoid attacking competitor strategies. Resource Based View Strong resources including sole access to hub within largest UK Airport. Strong training competencies. Utilise BA core competences to gain competitive advantage. Financial Analysis Increased profits and lower operating costs. Lower gearing ratios and higher liquidity. Possibility of a loss in 2009 as a result of the economic downturn. Investment resources available. Increased scrutiny on strategic projects for risk assessment. 7.0 Implementation Based on the analysis of strategic options it is proposed that two strategies are implemented simultaneously. These strategies are a people processes focused strategy and technological advancement. Figure 12 details the objectives and performance measures of these two strategies. Figure 12 Strategy Overview Strategy Objectives Performance Measures People processes Aim: Improved stakeholder brand image profitability Utilise databases. Improve service delivery efficiency. Improve internal communication. Implement effective review monitoring. Profit margin increase of 2 3%. Increase repeat purchasing by 25%. Increase customer recommendation from 59% (2007/08) to 70%. Improve employee survey rate from 35% (2007/08) to 80% (Value Chain). Technological advancement Aim: Customer Loyalty Market Share Following succession with test internet implementation, roll out internet on-board internet access. An appropriate pricing strategy involving complimentary service for first class whilst targeting business class as the most profitable market. Continued market research to ensure that this is a valued service and seek opportunities for further development. Install equipment on remaining 244 aircraft. Increase business class market share by 10%. 80% of business class customers purchasing internet usage. Following RD implement 1 new technological service. In order for the chosen strategies to be successful effective implementation is essential to organise and enable success and to manage the changes that will impact BA. 8.0 Managing Risk Risk management helps the organization to identify and address the risks facing their business and trying to increase the probability of successfully achieving their businesses objectives. Types of risk business need to face: Strategic Compliance Financial Operational Three main risk factors affecting all airline are volatility in jet fuel price, foreign exchange and interest rate risks. Interest Rate Risk: BA utilizes swap agreements to manage its interest rate exposure. Foreign Exchange Risk: BA manages its Foreign Exchange exposure. Any surplus of foreign currency is sold at spot or forward for US dollars. 9.0 Ethics An ethics strategy should be concerned with ensuring that all corporate activities are ethical, legal, and within all regulatory guidelines.   An ethics program is more likely to be considered effective if it includes the following components: 1)  Statement of Values The creation and communication of a statement of organizational values is considered to be necessary guidance. 2)  Code of Conduct A code of conduct or an ethics policy that communicates a commitment to ethical behavior throughout the organization, and explains how these values are to be applied in representative situations. 3)  Executive Leadership and a System A plan and systems for the communication, monitoring, and enforcement of the Code of Conduct. Important consideration in this respect, include: Richard Bransons success in forcing British Airways into adopting a Code of Conduct is a warning to companies that do not have a code that they ought to consider adopting one and to those that do that they should make sure it works. Without an effective ethical policy, a company cannot be sure that ethical judgments made by employees are consistent with the strategy of the company and are made at an appropriate level within it. Ethics protects the reputation of the company. British Airways is a classic example, where large amounts of marketing investment in image were undermined by the publics perception of its actions. British Airways experience shows that management may be deluding themselves if they consider that all employees in a company will adopt their values and the strategic importance of ethicality by absorbing knowledge from superiors. 10.0 Strategic V Operational Conflict While strategic and operational planning both offer beneficial aspects, there are some key differences that should be understood. Strategic planning is the formal process of defining the requirements for delivering high payoff results, and for identifying what, and how, to get from current realities to future ones that add value to the organization. It is not rigid nor lockstep, but rather a self-correcting set of defining requirements and relationships for stating what is in terms of results, and moving ever closer to what should be the results and payoffs.   Strategic Planning is long term planning undertaken by senior management (i.e. the executives). It involves making decisions which will work toward reaching an organisations mission and vision statements. Operational planning is day to day planning undertaken by front line managers. They report to middle management and enact the leg work of the strategies developed by middle management to achieve strategic goals. 11.0 Recommendation Although strong and justified strategies have been created within the confines of the report there are a number of issues which BA should take into consideration when implementing the proposed strategies. These are considered briefly below. 11.1 Financial BA should not have much trouble in implementing these strategies. With an increasingly lower gearing ratio and better liquidity they should be able to secure some funding from financial institutions and obtain the rest from retained profits. However, with the current economic conditions, it will still be difficult to obtain funding and BA will not want to increase its gearing too much. 11.2 People The recommended strategy to improve relations will require full support from BAs workforce. As a highly unionised workforce, success in changing the employment relationship will be determined by BAs ability to work efficiently with each recognised union. In regards to implementing change, due to BAs history and size the company may experience organisational inertia or myopia. Again, improvements to customer relations may be hindered by an uncooperative workforce, highlighting the importance of ongoing training and support. Similarly, a technological stance will require BAs employees to develop service knowledge, and it is imperative for the organisation to support them in doing so on a continual basis. 11.3 Legal The use of Wi-Fi on planes is already allowed by the aviation regulators in the UK, Europe and Rest of the World. However, regulatory approval must be achieved before it can be implemented on planes flying to/from USA (Wlanbook, 2008; Row 44, 2008). The use of external legal consultants should be used when implementing both strategies to ensure that legal requirements are met, especially when performing internal and external surveys and the confidentiality of data. 11.0 Conclusion As a result of the external and internal analysis a number of strategic options were proposed. It was concluded that a combined strategy approach to improve service quality was deemed most suitable. Due to the current industry climate we have chosen a strategy to consolidate BAs position as market leader. Due to the scale and scope of BAs operations it was decided that the focus of this report would be on scheduled passenger flights. We would recommend further strategic analysis to implement SBU level strategies. Due to lack of primary research and restricted access to company information there may be limitations in our findings and recommended strategy, however we believe that if the general direction of our suggested strategic intent is followed it will lead to lead to success. Reference Johnson, G.and Scholes, K (2002) Exploring Corporate Strategy.6th Edition.London, UK Prentice Hall. Kathleen B Hass, Richard Vander Horst, Kimi Ziemski (2008).  From Analyst to Leader: Elevating the Role of the Business Analyst Management Concepts, 2008.  ISBN 1567262139. p94: As the discipline of business analysis becomes professionalized HYPERLINK http://www.theiiba.org/Content/NavigationMenu/Learning/Bodyo